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首页> 外文期刊>Earth-Science Reviews: The International Geological Journal Bridging the Gap between Research Articles and Textbooks >Geological hazards in loess terrain, with particular reference to the loess regions of China
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Geological hazards in loess terrain, with particular reference to the loess regions of China

机译：黄土地区的地质灾害，特别是针对中国黄土地区的地质灾害

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The considerable morphodynamic energy provided by the continuing tectonic evolution of Asia is expressed in high erosional potentials and very high rates of sediment production that make this continent unequalled as a terrestrial source of primary silt. Many of these environments are hazardous, threatening human occupation., health and livelihood, especially in regions of dense population such as the loess lands of north China. Dry loess can sustain nearly vertical slopes, being perennially under-saturated. However, when locally saturated, it disaggregates instantaneously. Such hydrocompaction is a key process in many slope failures, made worse by an underlying mountainous terrain of low-porosity rocks. Gully erosion of loess may yield very high sediment concentrations ( > 60% by weight). Characteristic vertical jointing in loess influences the hydrology. Enlarged joints develop into natural sub-surface piping systems, which on collapse, produce a "loess karst" terrain. Collapsible loess up to 20 m thick is common on the western Loess Plateau. Foundation collapse and cracked walls are common, many rapid events following periods of unusually heavy monsoonal rain. Slope failure is a major engineering problem in thick loess terrain, flow-slide and spread types being common. The results are often devastating in both urban and rural areas. An associated hazard is the damming of streams by landslides. The human population increases the landslide risk in China, notably through imprudent land-use practices including careless water management. A number of environmentally related endemic diseases arise from the geochemistry of loess and its groundwaters. including fluorosis, cretinism, Kaschin-Beck Disease, Keshan Disease and goitre. The Chinese desert margins also have a major atmospheric dust problem. The effect of such dust upon human health in these extensive regions, including many large cities, has yet to be evaluated, but pneumoconiosis is thought to affect several million people in north and west China. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. [References: 76]
机译：亚洲持续的构造演化提供了相当大的形态动力能量，表现为高侵蚀潜力和极高的沉积物产生速度，使该大陆无可比拟作为陆地主要粉砂来源。这些环境中有许多是危险的，威胁着人类的居住，健康和生计，特别是在人口稠密的地区，例如华北的黄土地区。干燥的黄土可以承受近乎垂直的斜坡，并且常年处于饱和状态。但是，当局部饱和时，它会立即分解。在许多边坡破坏中，这种水力压实是一个关键过程，由于低孔隙度岩石的潜在山地地形使这种情况更为严重。黄土的沟壑侵蚀可能产生很高的沉积物浓度（> 60％（重量））。黄土的特征性垂直节理影响水文。扩大的接缝发展成自然的地下管道系统，一旦塌陷，就会形成“黄土喀斯特”地貌。在西部黄土高原上，可折叠的黄土厚达20 m。地基坍塌和墙壁破裂是常见的，在异常大的季风雨之后，许多快速事件发生。在厚厚的黄土地形中，边坡破坏是主要的工程问题，常见的是流滑和扩散类型。结果在城市和农村地区往往是毁灭性的。一个相关的危害是滑坡对溪流的阻挡作用。人口增加了中国的滑坡风险，特别是通过谨慎的土地使用实践（包括不小心的水管理）。黄土及其地下水的地球化学引发了许多与环境有关的地方病。包括氟中毒，克汀病，Kaschin-Beck病，克山病和甲状腺肿。中国的沙漠边缘地区还存在严重的大气尘埃问题。这种尘埃对包括许多大城市在内的广大地区的人类健康的影响尚待评估，但尘肺病被认为影响了中国北方和西部的数百万人。 （C）2001 Elsevier Science B.V.保留所有权利。 [参考：76]

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