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Study of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake-induced landslides in loess (China)

机译：1920年黄土高原海原地震诱发的滑坡研究（中国）

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摘要

Many large-scale landslides induced by earthquakes have been reported in loess soils. They often cause catastrophes because they travel long distances at high velocity. To clarify the mechanism of these landslides, field survey was performed on the landslides triggered by the Haiyuan Earthquake (China, 1920), and a series of ring shear tests was conducted on the loess soils collected from a landslide. The field surveys revealed that most of the loess landslides triggered by the Haiyuan Earthquake occurred on concave slopes gentler than 15 deg with long runout distance, showing very small equivalent friction angle. Cyclic ring shear tests on saturated specimens in the undrained condition showed that when cyclic shear stress was applied to a loose loess specimen, pore pressure was built-up gradually before the failure, and after that, large pore pressure was quickly generated due to the failure of loess soil structure. Meanwhile, to investigate the mechanism that produces the high mobility of loess landslides, ring shear tests were conducted on loess specimens with large shear displacement of up to several meters under the undrained condition, and it was found that the initial normal stress has no effects, and overconsolidation ratio has little if any effects, on the apparent friction angle in the steady state for loess soils. Results of tests on soils at different saturation degrees revealed that the reduction in shear strength results more likely from the generation of pore water pressure, not of pore air pressure.
机译：在黄土中，已经报道了许多由地震引起的大规模滑坡。它们通常会造成灾难，因为它们会以很高的速度行进很长的距离。为了弄清这些滑坡的机理，对海原地震（中国，1920年）引发的滑坡进行了实地调查，并对从滑坡中采集的黄土进行了一系列的环剪试验。现场调查表明，海原地震引发的大多数黄土滑坡发生在坡度小于15度，跳动距离较长的凹面斜坡上，等效摩擦角很小。在不排水条件下对饱和试样进行循环环剪试验，结果表明，当将循环剪应力施加到松散的黄土试样上时，破坏前逐渐形成孔隙压力，此后，由于破坏而迅速产生大孔隙压力黄土的土壤结构。同时，为了研究引起黄土滑坡高迁移率的机理，在不排水条件下对剪切位移高达几米的黄土标本进行了环剪试验，发现初始法向应力没有影响，黄土的稳态下，超固结率对表观摩擦角几乎没有影响。在不同饱和度的土壤上进行的测试结果表明，剪切强度的降低更有可能是由孔隙水压力的产生而不是孔隙空气压力的产生引起的。

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