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首页> 外文期刊>Engineering Geology >Hazards posed by active major faults along the Golmud-Lhasa railway route, Tibetan Plateau, China
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Hazards posed by active major faults along the Golmud-Lhasa railway route, Tibetan Plateau, China

机译：中国青藏高原格尔木至拉萨铁路沿线主要重大断裂造成的危害

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The high number of active faults in the vicinity of the planned 1142-km-long Golmud-Lhasa railway line across the Tibetan Plateau poses a great hazard to the railway. This is not only from periodic fault offsets, measured in meters, and the effects from large to great earthquakes, but also from significant ground displacement from annual fault-controlled freeze-thaw features in the areas of permafrost. Twenty-seven major active faults in eight seismic zones were revealed by detailed mapping along the railway route. Most of the faults have strike-slip movement, with those in the northern plateau being sinistral and those in the southern part dextral, although some normal faults are associated with graben and pull-apart basins. Many faults have produced earthquakes in the Ms 6.0-8.0 range, and the high slip rates, of 4-15 mm/ year, found on others indicate a potentially similar range. The Ms 8.1 Central Kunlun earthquake of 2001 had an associated left-lateral displacement of 7-14 m near the epicenter and a 4-5 m offset where the railway line was cut. Such earthquakes, which can cause serious damage to the railway and associated facilities, occur relatively frequently. Tectonic creep along the faults between earthquakes also causes problems and has destroyed a section of highway adjacent to the railway line. The Tibetan Plateau has an average elevation of 4500 m and the higher, northern part has permafrost with the usual problems of ground deformation from freeze-thaw effects and mass movement and the need to thermally isolate structures. Active faults in this region affect groundwater flow and thus control unusual permafrost features. Linear zones of ground deformation from freezing and thawing and extensive broad belts of ground fractures occur along faults to damage structures. Most importantly, the faults were found to control zones of pingos. Many of these ice-cored domes rise in the late fall and winter only to be drained in the spring by linear alignments of springs; some pingos occasionally migrate along the faults with time. The resulting deformation has bent pipelines and ruined roadways along the route. Overcoming these hazards to provide for the safety of passengers and maintain the integrity of the railway is a great challenge. Building in regions of severe climate and permafrost is always difficult and the problems associated with the many active faults here make for unusual conditions. No other large construction will be subjected to such extreme effect from direct and indirect fault movement, and the Engineering Geology community will learn much from the experience gained here.
机译：计划中的跨越青藏高原的1142公里长的格尔木-拉萨铁路线附近存在大量活动断层，对铁路构成了极大的危害。这不仅来自周期性的断层偏移量（以米为单位）以及大地震到大地震的影响，还来自永久冻土地区每年由断层控制的冻融特征引起的大量地面位移。通过沿铁路路线的详细地图绘制，揭示了八个地震带中的二十七个主要活动断层。大多数断层具有走滑运动，北部高原的断层为左旋，南部右旋的断层，尽管一些正常断层与with陷和拉脱盆地有关。许多断层产生的地震都在Ms 6.0-8.0范围内，而在其他断层上发现的高滑动率（4-15 mm /年）则表明该范围可能类似。 2001年的昆仑8.1级中央地震在震中附近发生了7-14 m的左侧位移，在铁路被切断的地方发生了4-5 m的偏移。这种地震可能会严重破坏铁路和相关设施，因此相对频繁发生。地震之间沿断层的构造蠕变也会引起问题，并破坏了与铁路线相邻的一段高速公路。青藏高原的平均海拔为4500 m，北部较高的地区为永久冻土，通常存在因冻融作用和质量运动引起的地面变形问题，以及需要对结构进行热隔离。该区域的活动断层影响地下水流量，从而控制异常的多年冻土特征。沿断裂和破坏结构会发生由冻结和解冻引起的地面变形的线性区域以及广泛的地面裂缝带。最重要的是，这些断层被发现可以控制坪斯地区。许多这样的冰芯穹顶在秋末和冬季升起，直到春天通过弹簧的线性排列而排干。一些Pingos有时会随着时间的推移而沿着断层迁移。产生的变形使管道弯曲，沿路线破坏了道路。克服这些危害以确保乘客的安全并保持铁路的完整性是一项巨大的挑战。在恶劣的气候和多年冻土地区建造房屋总是很困难，与这里许多活动断层有关的问题造成了异常情况。没有其他大型建筑会受到直接和间接断层运动的极端影响，因此工程地质界将从这里获得的经验中学到很多东西。

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