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Individual and Sex Differences in Habituation and Neophobia in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)

机译：麻雀（Passer domesticus）在习惯和新恐惧症方面的个体和性别差异

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Heterogeneity in the environment favours foragers that are ?exible (phenotypically plastic). However, consistent individual differences in behaviour (personality), such as in risk-taking, might affect an individual’s ability to ?nd food, avoid predators and adjust to new conditions. It is now well known that personalities exist in many taxa, but much less is known about individual variation in plasticity. We measured the tendency to begin foraging across different levels of risk in house sparrows (Passer domesticus), using a behavioural reaction norm framework to simultaneously assess personality and plasticity. We asked whether individuals were consistently different across risk levels, and whether they differed in habituation and neophobia, both of which were treated as cases of plasticity. We found that males habituated more than females by beginning to feed sooner after repeated instances of a human disturbance in the presence of an initially unfamiliar object. Individuals of both sexes also exhibited consistent differences across trials, but did not differ in the rate of habituation beyond the difference between the sexes. When a novel object was placed in the foraging area, both sexes exhibited similar degrees of neophobia by delaying feeding. The magnitude of this change varied among birds, indicating individual differences in neophobia. Our results indicate that both personality and individual variation in plasticity exist but should be treated as independent phenomena. The presence of variation in plasticity implies that the raw material necessary for selection on neophobia exists, and that if heritable, plasticity in risk-taking across contexts could evolve.
机译：环境中的异质性有利于灵活的觅食者（表型可塑性）。但是，个人在行为（人格）方面的持续差异（例如冒险行为）可能会影响个人发现食物，避免掠食者和适应新条件的能力。现在众所周知，许多分类单元中都存在个性，但对于可塑性的个体差异知之甚少。我们使用行为反应规范框架同时评估人格和可塑性，测量了麻雀（Passer domesticus）在不同风险水平上开始觅食的趋势。我们询问了个体在不同风险水平上是否一直存在差异，以及他们在习惯和新恐惧症方面是否存在差异，这两种情况均被视为可塑性。我们发现，在最初不熟悉的物体存在的情况下，人为干扰屡屡发生后，男性比女性更习惯于开始进食。性别个体在试验中也表现出一致的差异，但习惯性率没有差异，只有性别差异之外。当将一个新物体放置在觅食区时，由于延迟进食，两性都表现出相似的恐惧感。这种变化的程度因鸟类而异，表明新恐惧症存在个体差异。我们的结果表明，人格和可塑性的个体差异均存在，但应视为独立现象。可塑性变化的存在意味着存在选择恐惧症所需的原材料，并且如果遗传的话，在不同情况下承担风险的可塑性可能会演变。

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