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Conceptual Revision and Synthesis of Proximate Factors Associated with Age-Related Improvement in Reproduction

机译：概念修订和与年龄相关的生殖改善相关因素的综合

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Improvement in reproductive performance with age, up to the point of senescence, is a predominant pattern among vertebrates. Predictions from life-history theory provide a powerful framework for understanding the evolutionary basis of these patterns. However, based on the growing number of publications on this topic, there is increased interest in understanding the proximate causes of age-related improvements in reproductive performance (ARIRP). A formal conceptual framework through which factors related to ARIRP can be examined is lacking. Here, we establish hypotheses with testable predictions for social and ecological factors, including resource quality, mate fidelity, site fidelity, prior breeding experience, and changes in ability to attract mates. We use this conceptual framework to review 55 empirical studies published (between 1900 through 2013) on avian species as birds have the greatest representation in empirical studies of ARIRP. Our synthesis revealed that tests of the breeding experience hypothesis are most prevalent in the literature, whereas tests of the site fidelity hypothesis are least prevalent. Overall, the role of increased mate attraction with age seems to be an important predictor of ARIRP, whereas changes in resource quality with age show the least support among published studies. Because many studies suffered from small sample sizes and did not control for confounding variables, we suggest experimental methodologies for teasing apart hypotheses in empirical investigations and offer statistical approaches for longitudinal datasets. From an ultimate perspective, we also highlight the role of life-history variation, in shaping within-individual improvements. Future work should employ a standardized framework to study patterns of ARIRP, as set forward here, to allow for more quantitative comparison of results across studies.
机译：随着年龄的增长，生殖能力的提高直至衰老，是脊椎动物中的主要模式。生命历史理论的预测为理解这些模式的进化基础提供了强大的框架。但是，基于有关该主题的出版物数量的增加，人们越来越有兴趣了解与年龄有关的生殖性能改善（ARIRP）的直接原因。缺乏可以用来检查与ARIRP相关的因素的正式概念框架。在这里，我们建立了对社会和生态因素具有可预测预测的假设，包括资源质量，配偶保真度，地点保真度，先前的育种经验以及吸引配偶的能力变化。由于鸟类在ARIRP的经验研究中占最大的比例，因此我们使用此概念框架来回顾55项关于鸟类的经验研究（从1900年到2013年）。我们的综合表明，在文献中对繁殖经验假设的检验最为普遍，而对站点保真度假设的检验则最为普遍。总体而言，随着年龄增长伴侣吸引力的增加似乎是ARIRP的重要预测指标，而资源质量随年龄的变化在已发表的研究中显示的支持最少。由于许多研究的样本量较小，并且无法控制混杂变量，因此我们建议在经验研究中采用实验方法来消除假设，并为纵向数据集提供统计方法。从最终的角度来看，我们还强调了生活史变异在塑造个人内部进步方面的作用。未来的工作应采用标准化框架来研究ARIRP模式，如此处所述，以便对研究结果进行更定量的比较。

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