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首页> 外文期刊>Ethology >Warning Signal Efficacy: Assessing the Effects of Color, Iridescence, and Time of Day in the Field
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Warning Signal Efficacy: Assessing the Effects of Color, Iridescence, and Time of Day in the Field

机译：警告信号功效：评估颜色，虹彩和一天中的时间的影响

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Warning coloration deters predators from attacking distasteful or toxic prey. Signal features that influence warning color effectiveness are not well understood, and in particular, we know very little about how effective short-wavelength and iridescent colors are as warning color elements in nature and how warning signal effectiveness changes throughout the day. We tested the effect of these factors on predation risk in nature using specimens of the distasteful pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor. B.philenor adults display both iridescent blue and diffusely reflecting orange components in their warning signal. We painted B.philenor wings to create five different model types: all-black, only-iridescent-blue, only-orange, iridescent-blue-and-orange (intact signal), and matte-blue-and-orange. We placed 25 models in each of 14 replicate field sites for 72h and checked for attacks three times each day. Model type affected the likelihood of attack; only-orange models were, the only model attacked significantly less than the all-black model. Iridescence did not enhance or decrease warning signal effectiveness in our experiment because matte-blue-and-orange models were attacked at the same rate as iridescent-blue-and-orange models. Time of day did not differentially affect model type. Video recordings of attacks revealed that insectivorous birds were responsible. The results of this experiment, when taken with previous work, indicate that the response to blue warning coloration is likely dependent on predator experience and context, but that iridescence per se does not affect warning signals in a natural context.
机译：警告色可阻止捕食者攻击有害或有毒的猎物。影响警告颜色效果的信号特征还没有被很好地理解，特别是，我们对短波和虹彩作为自然界中的警告颜色元素的有效性以及警告信号效果在一整天中如何变化的了解甚少。我们使用令人讨厌的Pipevine燕尾蝶Battus philenor的标本测试了这些因素对自然中捕食风险的影响。 B.philenor成人在其警告信号中既显示彩虹色蓝色又显示橙色反射色。我们绘制了B.philenor机翼，以创建五种不同的模型类型：全黑，仅虹彩蓝色，仅橙色，虹彩蓝色和橙色（完整信号）以及亚光蓝色和橙色。我们在14个重复的实地中的每一个中放置了25个模型，持续了72小时，并且每天检查攻击三次。模型类型影响了攻击的可能性;只有橙色模型，唯一模型的攻击明显少于全黑模型。在我们的实验中，虹彩并没有增强或降低警告信号的有效性，因为亚光蓝橙色模型的攻击速度与虹蓝蓝色橙色模型相同。一天中的时间没有差异地影响模型类型。袭击的视频记录表明，食虫鸟是造成这种情况的原因。与先前的工作一起进行时，该实验的结果表明，对蓝色警告颜色的响应可能取决于掠食者的经验和背景，但是虹彩本身并不影响自然背景下的警告信号。

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