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首页> 外文期刊>Ethology >Diving Into The Water: Cues Related to the Decision-Making by an Egg Parasitoid Attacking Underwater Hosts
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Diving Into The Water: Cues Related to the Decision-Making by an Egg Parasitoid Attacking Underwater Hosts

机译：潜入水中：与卵寄生虫攻击水下宿主的决策有关的线索

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Although adult parasitoids spend a majority of their lives above ground, females of several species must search for their host in the water or on the soil. Adult parasitoids above ground can use a variety of sensory cues to detect their hosts from a distance. However, their sensory cues can be impaired from volatile chemicals, and their visual stimuli can be decreased while submerging or burrowing in the water of soil during their search for their hosts. Searching underwater or underground would incur high foraging costs, that is, time and energy consumption and increase risk of drowning. Therefore, to reduce such costs and increase searching efficiency, the decision on where to start submerging or burrowing for attacking hosts is important for parasitoids. Furthermore, there are no studies that have examined the cues of submerging or burrowing parasitoids on their exploit for the decision to attack their hosts. We have examined the cues used by the egg parasitoid Tiphodytes gerriphagus attacking underwater hosts. We compared the searching behaviors of T.gerriphagus among four oviposition site conditions. The four sites investigated were oviposition site with both host adult chemical residues and presence of eggs, with only the presence of eggs, with only the host adult chemical residues, and without any cue. Our results indicated that T.gerriphagus more frequently contacted and submerged at oviposition sites with the adult residues rather than at oviposition sites without them. Nonetheless, the presence of underwater host eggs did not affect the host-searching behavior. This suggests that T.gerriphagus decided to submerge at the oviposition site in response to the adult residues. Furthermore, our observation also suggested that T.gerriphagus has already detected that the adult residues might be volatile before contacting the oviposition site. Finally, we will discuss the exploitation patterns of host-searching cue by parasitoids that need to submerge from the context of its reliability and detectability problems.
机译：尽管成年寄生虫的大部分生命都在地面上度过，但仍有几种物种的雌性必须在水中或土壤中寻找寄主。地上的成虫寄生虫可以使用各种感觉线索从远处检测它们的宿主。但是，它们的感官提示可能会因挥发性化学物质而受损，并且在寻找宿主的过程中淹没或钻入土壤水中时，它们的视觉刺激会降低。搜寻水下或地下将导致高昂的觅食成本，即时间和能源消耗，并增加溺水的风险。因此，为了降低此类成本并提高搜索效率，对于拟寄生物而言，决定从何处开始浸水或挖洞以攻击宿主是很重要的。此外，还没有研究检查淹没或穴居寄生虫的线索以决定攻击其宿主。我们已经研究了寄生卵的拟南芥Tiphodytes gerriphagus攻击水下宿主的线索。我们在四个产卵部位条件下比较了T.gerriphagus的搜索行为。所研究的四个位点均为产卵位，既有寄主成虫的化学残留物，也有卵，只有卵的存在，只有寄主成虫的化学残留物，没有任何提示。我们的结果表明，T.gerriphagus与成虫残基在产卵位点接触和浸没的频率更高，而不是没有产卵残基的产卵位。尽管如此，水下寄主卵的存在并不影响寄主搜索行为。这表明T.gerriphagus决定响应成年残留物而在产卵位淹没。此外，我们的观察还表明，T.gerriphagus在接触到产卵位点之前已经检测到成年残留物可能是挥发性的。最后，我们将讨论寄生虫在宿主搜索线索的开发模式，这些寄生虫需要从其可靠性和可检测性问题的上下文中淹没。

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