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Japanese Macaques Depend not Only on Neighbours but also on More Distant Members for Group Cohesion

机译：日本猕猴不仅要依靠邻居，而且要依靠更多遥远的成员来实现群体凝聚力

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摘要

A well-known behavioural model for group aggregation is that an individual depends on a few neighbouring individuals to adjust its movement, such as departure (repulsion) from and approach (attraction) to neighbours. However, an individual may rely not only on a few closest neighbours, but also on more distant individuals, in a group of stable membership. We measured temporal changes in the local density of individuals around a focal individual and changes in distance to other focal individuals in agroup of wild Japanese macaques to determine whether the macaques depended only on a few neighbours or also on more distant individuals for adjustments in cohesiveness. We used simultaneous focal animal sampling, with two observers recording the individuals' locations using a global positioning system (GPS), over three seasons. Numbers of individuals within 20 m from an animal tended to increase after 10 min when there were a small number of individuals around the animal. However, the number tended to decrease when there was a larger number of individuals. It remained similar when there were an intermediate number of individuals. The two local animals tended to separate after 10 min when the interindividual distance was short. However, they tended to move closer when far apart. They remained a similar distance apart when they were at an intermediate distance. Contact calls, which are suggested to function as locating group members and keeping cohesiveness, were emitted more frequently when the distance between the two focal animals was very large in two seasons. However, the rale of contact calls was not influenced by the number of individuals within 20 m from an animal. These results suggest that individual Japanese macaques do not only rely on a few closest neighbours, but also rely on more distant group members. Japanese macaques may know the general whereabouts of the whole group, and when they stay at the periphery of the group, they may emit contact calls frequently and move towards the central zone so as not to become separated from the group.
机译：众所周知的群体聚集行为模型是，一个人依靠几个邻近的个体来调整其运动，例如从邻居离开（排斥）和接近（吸引）。但是，在一组稳定的成员身份中，一个人不仅可以依赖几个最接近的邻居，而且还可以依赖更远的一个人。我们在一组野生日本猕猴中测量了一个个体周围个体的局部密度的时间变化以及与其他个体之间距离的变化，以确定该猕猴是仅依靠几个邻居还是更远的个体来进行内聚性调整。我们使用了同时进行的重点动物采样，两名观察员在三个季节中使用全球定位系统（GPS）记录了个体的位置。当动物周围有少量个体时，距动物20 m以内的个体数量倾向于在10分钟后增加。但是，当人数更多时，人数倾向于减少。当个体数量中等时，情况仍然相似。当个体间距离较短时，两只本地动物在10分钟后趋向于分开。但是，它们相距较远时往往会靠近。当它们处于中间距离时，它们之间保持相似的距离。当两个焦点动物之间的距离在两个季节中非常大时，建议用作联系小组成员并保持凝聚力的联系电话会更频繁地发出。但是，联系电话的范围不受动物20 m以内的个体数量的影响。这些结果表明，日本猕猴不仅依靠几个最接近的邻居，而且还依靠更远的群体成员。日本猕猴可能知道整个群体的大致下落，当他们呆在群体的外围时，他们可能会经常发出联系电话并向中心区域移动，以免与群体分离。

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