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Communal spawning in the common frog Rana temporaria - Egg temperature and predation consequences

机译：普通蛙蛙蛙的公共产卵-卵温和捕食后果

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摘要

Females of the common frog, Rana temporaria, spawn synchronously at communal breeding sites, forming a communal egg mass of individual spawn clumps. A total of four spawning sites were studied. In the centre of the communal egg mass, daily maximum temperature was higher and minimum temperature lower than further out. Spawn clumps in the centre of the communal egg mass developed faster than single spawn clumps. In the centre of the egg masses, some spawn clumps suffered almost total egg mortality. This was probably the consequence of a cold spell with sub-zero temperatures in combination with a tendency for low minimum temperatures in the centre. In a laboratory study, worm leeches, Erpobdella spp., fed readily on eggs of common frog, while horse leeches, Haemopis sanguisuga, hardly ate any eggs. At the spawning sites, most worm leeches were found in single spawn clumps, far from the communal egg mass. Females which spawned late, when most of the spawning was over, preferred to spawn in the centre of the communal egg mass. This suggests that there is a net advantage for eggs in spawn clumps laid in the centre.
机译：普通蛙蛙蛙（Rana temporaria）的雌性在公共繁殖场同步产卵，形成单个产卵团的公共卵团。共研究了四个产卵场。在公共卵团的中心，日最高温度高于最低温度，而最低温度则更低。公用卵团中心的产卵团块比单卵产卵团块发育更快。在卵团的中心，一些产卵团块几乎使卵死亡。这可能是由于温度低于零的冷风加上中心最低温度趋于降低的结果。在实验室研究中，蠕虫的水Er Erpobdella spp。容易以普通青蛙的卵为食，而马的水Ha Haemopis sanguisuga几乎不吃任何卵。在产卵地点，大多数蠕虫水ches都发现在单个产卵丛中，远离公共卵团。当大多数产卵结束时，产卵较晚的雌性更喜欢产卵在公共卵团的中心。这表明放置在中间的产卵块中的卵有净优势。

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