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Do Blackbirds Signal Motivation to Fight with Their Song

机译：黑鸟会发出与歌曲抗争的动机吗

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Conflicts about resources can be solved with physical fights, but animals will in general try to avoid them due to the costs and risks associated with fighting. Fight outcome depends on the fighting ability as well as the motivation to fight, which means that individuals should try to assess both during a pre-escalation phase. In the present study, we investigated whether blackbirds (Turdus merula) acoustically signal their motivation to fight with their advertisement song, which consists of a motif part with pure-toned low frequency elements followed by a twitter part with more complex and higher-pitched elements. We tested (1) whether the temporal and spectral characteristics of spontaneous songs broadcasted by a territorial male could predict its subsequent aggressive behaviour to a playback and (2) if the song of territorial males changed in case they responded aggressively to the playback. We found no effects in the temporal song structure, which contradicts results from a previous study involving playback experiments with blackbirds. We did however find an interesting pattern in the spectral characteristics of the twitter, since aggressively responding males significantly increased the twitter frequency after the playback. The post-playback songs of aggressive responders were nevertheless indistinguishable from spontaneous pre-playback songs of non-aggressive responders. Therefore, we conclude that changes in twitter frequency, rather than absolute twitter frequencies, are advertising information about motivation to fight.
机译：关于资源的冲突可以通过肉搏战解决，但是由于与肉搏战相关的成本和风险，动物通常会尽量避免这种冲突。战斗结果取决于战斗能力以及战斗动力，这意味着个人应在升级前阶段尝试评估两者。在本研究中，我们调查了黑鸟（Turdus merula）是否通过听觉暗示了他们与广告歌曲作斗争的动机，该广告歌曲由带有纯音低频元素的主题部分，然后是具有更复杂和音高更高的twitter部分组成。 。我们测试了（1）领土男性广播的自发歌曲的时间和频谱特征是否可以预测其随后对播放的攻击行为，以及（2）区域男性的歌曲是否发生了变化，以防他们对播放做出积极响应。我们没有发现时态歌曲结构的影响，这与先前涉及黑鸟播放实验的研究结果相矛盾。但是，我们确实在Twitter的频谱特征中发现了一个有趣的模式，因为积极响应的雄性在回放后显着增加了Twitter的频率。但是，积极的响应者的回放后歌曲与非积极的响应者的自发回放前歌曲没有区别。因此，我们得出结论，推特频率的变化，而不是绝对推特频率的变化，是关于战斗动机的广告信息。

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