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No Evidence for Audience Effects in Reciprocal Cooperation of Norway Rats

机译：挪威鼠对等合作中没有听众影响的证据

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摘要

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) cooperate according to indirect reciprocity, which implies the involvement of a reputation mechanism. Here, we test whether the rats employ such mechanism in repeated cooperative interactions. Focal subjects were first trained individually to pull food towards a social partner. During the experiment, the focal rats were confronted with two types of trained social partners: one always cooperated and the other one always defected, either in the presence or in the absence of an audience. Based on the hypotheses that the rats possess a reputation mechanism involving image scoring, we predicted them to be more helpful in the presence of an audience, independently of the partner's cooperative behaviour. If, in contrast, reputation involved a standing strategy, we predicted the rats to distinguish more between cooperators and defectors in the presence of an audience than in its absence. The rats helped cooperative partners more than defectors, but against both predictions the presence or absence of an audience did not influence their helping propensity. This indicates that either reputation is not included in the decision of rats to help an individual that has helped others, or that reputation is neither involving image scoring nor a standing strategy. Although the rats have been shown to modulate their decision to help a social partner based on its helpful behaviour towards others, they do not seem to adjust their behaviour strategically to the presence of an audience.
机译：挪威大鼠（Rattus norvegicus）根据间接互惠进行合作，这暗示了声誉机制的参与。在这里，我们测试大鼠是否在重复的合作互动中采用这种机制。首先对重点对象进行单独培训，以将食物拉向社交伙伴。在实验过程中，焦点大鼠面对两种类型的训练有素的社会伙伴：一种总是合作，而另一种总是在有或没有观众的情况下背叛。基于大鼠具有涉及图像评分的声誉机制的假设，我们预测它们在听众在场时会更有用，而与伴侣的合作行为无关。相反，如果声誉涉及一种固定策略，则我们预测老鼠在有观众的情况下会比在没有观众的情况下更多地区分合作者和叛逃者。老鼠对合作伙伴的帮助远胜于叛逃者，但与这两个预测相反，听众的有无并不影响他们的帮助倾向。这表明，要么信誉不包括在大鼠帮助他人的个人决策中，要么信誉既不涉及图像评分，也不涉及站立策略。尽管已显示大鼠根据其对他人的有益行为来调节其决定帮助社会伙伴的决定，但它们似乎并未根据听众的存在从战略上调整其行为。

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