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A Statistical Modelling Approach to the Occurrence and Timing of Reconciliation in Wild Japanese Macaques

机译：日本猕猴和解发生和时间的统计建模方法

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In various social species, animals have been observed to share friendly relationships with some group members and to resolve conflicts through reconciliation, the exchange of affiliative behaviour soon after a conflict that functions to restore therelationship between the former opponents. The valuable relationship hypothesis predicts that reconciliation should be observed more often after conflicts between friends. Friendly relationships can be described by three dimensions (i.e. value, securityand compatibility); however, research into the relative importance of these dimensions for the occurrence of reconciliation is sparse. Moreover, reconciliation may depend on factors other than the social relationship between opponents including, for example, their social status or the context of the conflict. Our study aimed at analysing which factors are important determinants of reconciliation and at testing the valuable relationship hypothesis, by analysing the relative effects of relationship value,security and compatibility on the occurrence and timing of reconciliation. We collected data on two troops of wild Japanese macaques living on Yakushima Island, Japan, and selected the best predicting variables of reconciliation using linear mixed models. Our results show that reconciliation occurs more frequently, and earlier, after conflicts between opponents who exchange a higher percentage of grooming. Two additional variables related to relationship security and value were selected in the best models: frequency of aggression and of approaches resulting in tolerated co-feeding. Among the variables not related to relationship quality, distance between opponents at the end of the conflict, kinship, sex of the opponents and context of conflict (i.e.during feeding or social time) were included in our models. Our findings support the valuable relationship hypothesis and, in particular, highlight that the fitness-related benefits of social relationships (i.e. the relationship value) are important determinants of the evolution of friendly relationships and reconciliation.
机译：在各种社会物种中，人们观察到动物与一些小组成员分享友好的关系，并通过和解解决冲突，冲突后的和解行为得以交换，从而恢复了前对手之间的关系。有价值的关系假设预测，在朋友之间发生冲突后，应该更经常观察和解。友好的关系可以用三个维度来描述（即价值，安全性和兼容性）。但是，对这些维度对和解发生的相对重要性的研究很少。而且，和解可能取决于对手之间的社会关系以外的因素，包括例如他们的社会地位或冲突背景。我们的研究旨在分析哪些因素是和解的重要决定因素，并通过分析关系价值，安全性和兼容性对和解发生和时机的相对影响，来检验有价值的关系假设。我们收集了居住在日本屋久岛上的两只野生日本猕猴的数据，并使用线性混合模型选择了最佳的和解预测变量。我们的结果表明和解发生的频率更高，并且在交换修饰率更高的对手之间发生冲突之后更早。在最佳模型中，还选择了两个与关系安全性和价值有关的变量：攻击频率和导致容许共同进食的进餐方式。在与关系质量无关的变量中，我们的模型包括了冲突结束时对手之间的距离，亲属关系，对手的性别和冲突背景（即进食或社交时间）。我们的研究结果支持了有价值的关系假设，尤其是强调了社交关系与适应性相关的好处（即关系价值）是友好关系和和解演变的重要决定因素。

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