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首页> 外文期刊>European Journal of Agronomy >Low-input cropping systems to reduce input dependency and environmental impacts in maize production: A multi-criteria assessment
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Low-input cropping systems to reduce input dependency and environmental impacts in maize production: A multi-criteria assessment

机译：低投入的种植系统，以减少玉米生产中的投入依赖性和环境影响：多标准评估

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Intensification of cropping systems in recent decades has increased their productivity but affected air, soil and water quality. These harmful environmental impacts are exacerbated in Maize Monoculture (MM) and hasten the need for solutions to overcome the trade off between crop yield and environmental impacts. In a three-year cropping systems experiment, a conventional intensive maize monoculture (MMconv), with a winter bare fallow, deep soil tillage, non-limiting irrigation was compared to three Low Input Cropping Systems (LI-CS) designed as alternatives to the conventional system. They were managed with decision-rules implemented to reach specific objectives of input reduction. The LI-CS designed with Integrated Weed Management (IWM) techniques and other sustainable cropping practices, were:(i) MMLI-an IWM Low Input MM; (ii) MMCT-a Conservation Tillage combined with cover crop MM; and (iii) Maize-MSW-an IWM maize grown in rotation with soybean and wheat. A comprehensive multi criteria assessment was carried out to quantify the agronomic, economic, social, and environmental performances of each system. A canonical discriminant analysis of performance metrics revealed large differences between the four systems. Yields were significantly higher in MMconv (11.0 Mg ha(-1)) and MMLI (10.3 Mg ha(-1)) than in Maize-MSW (8.6 Mg ha(-1)) and MMCT (7.8 Mg ha(-1)). MMCT had the largest weed infestation (density and biomass) despite the greatest use of herbicides. The Herbicide Treatment Frequency Index (HTFI), used to indicate differences in herbicide use, revealed that the MMLI (HTFI = 1.0) and Maize-MSW (1.1) halved the herbicide use as compared to the MMconv (2.1), despite having similar weed abundance levels. The LI-CS, especially MMCT, produced high biomass winter cover crops and then less nitrogen fertilization was required as compared to MMconv. Gross margins in the MMLI (1254 (sic) ha(-1)) and MMconv (1252 (sic) ha(-1)) were higher than the MMCT (637 (sic) ha(-1)) and Maize-MSW (928 (sic) ha(-1)). MMLI and MMconv had similar labour requirements. Water drainage, pesticide leaching, energy use, and estimated greenhouse gas emissions were higher in MMconv than in the LI-CS in most years. Results from this research show good potential for the MMLI to reduce the environmental impacts of MMconv while maintaining its economic and social performance. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：近几十年来，集约化系统的集约化提高了生产力，但影响了空气，土壤和水质。玉米单一栽培（MM）加剧了这些有害的环境影响，并急需解决方案来克服作物产量与环境影响之间的折衷。在一项为期三年的种植系统实验中，将传统的集约玉米单作（MMconv），冬季裸露的休耕，深层土壤耕作，无限制灌溉的方法与三种低输入耕作系统（LI-CS）进行了比较，该系统被设计为替代常规系统。通过执行决策规则来实现这些目标，以实现减少投入的特定目标。通过综合杂草管理（IWM）技术和其他可持续作物种植实践设计的LI-CS是：（i）MMLI-IWM低投入MM; （ii）MMCT-a保护性耕作与覆盖作物的MM; （iii）玉米-MSW-一种与大豆和小麦轮作种植的IWM玉米。进行了全面的多标准评估，以量化每个系统的农艺，经济，社会和环境绩效。对性能指标的规范判别分析显示，这四个系统之间存在很大差异。 MMconv（11.0 Mg ha（-1））和MMLI（10.3 Mg ha（-1））的产量显着高于玉米MSW（8.6 Mg ha（-1））和MMCT（7.8 Mg ha（-1） ）。尽管除草剂的使用量最大，但MMCT的杂草侵扰量最大（密度和生物量）。用于指示除草剂使用差异的除草剂处理频率指数（HTFI）显示，尽管杂草相似，但MMLI（HTFI = 1.0）和玉米-MSW（1.1）相比MMconv（2.1）减少了一半。丰度水平。 LI-CS，尤其是MMCT，产生了高生物量的冬季覆盖作物，因此与MMconv相比，需要更少的氮肥。 MMLI（1254（sic）ha（-1））和MMconv（1252（sic）ha（-1））的毛利率高于MMCT（637（sic）ha（-1））和玉米MSW（ 928（原文如此）ha（-1））。 MMLI和MMconv具有相似的劳动力要求。在大多数年中，MMconv的排水，农药浸出，能源使用和估计的温室气体排放均高于LI-CS。这项研究的结果表明，MMLI在保持其经济和社会绩效的同时，具有减少MMconv对环境的影响的巨大潜力。 （C）2016 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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