Nutritional intakes of vegetarian populations in France.

Leblanc JC; Yoon H; Kombadjian A; Verger P

摘要

OBJECTIVE: To assess food behaviour and determine nutritional intakes of various vegetarian populations in France. DESIGN: A five-day self-administered food record which was mailed to members of the three principal French vegetarian organisations. SUBJECTS: 145 subjects, aged 7-87 y; 94 classical vegetarians (19% of those contacted), 34 Hindu lactovegetarians (17% of those contacted) and 17 macrobiotic (34% of those contacted). SETTING: The survey was conducted between March 1997 and July 1997 in France. RESULTS: Vegetarianism in France is represented by three main classes of food behaviour: ovolactovegetarian (AAV), lactovegetarian (KRI) and macrobiotic (MMK). The geometric mean intakes ranged from 1952 kcal/d (KRI), 2051 kcal/d (MMK) to 2384 kcal/d (AAV) for males and from 1302 kcal/d (MMK), 1675 kcal/d (AAV) to 1804 kcal/d (KRI) for females, after adjusting for age and BMI. The energy consumption in the MMK group was significantly lower than that in the AAV (P<0.05) and KRI groups (P<0.01), respectively. A difference among groups was observed for females (P=0.0002), but not for males. The MMK group consumed less lipid than the other two vegetarian groups, 46 g/d for men and 38 g/d for women vs 80 g/d for men and 61 g/d for women in the AAV group and 93 g/d for men and 81 g/d for women in the KRI group, respectively. Differences with AAV and MMK were statistically significant (P<0.001 for men and women for both groups). Mean protein consumption ranged from 60 g/d (AAV), 64 g/d (KRI) to 77 g/d (MMK) for males and from 46 g/d (MMK), 50 g/d (AAV) to 58 g/d (KRI) for females. Mean carbohydrate intakes ranged from 247 g/d (AAV), 321 g/d (KRI) to 338 g/d (MMK) in males and from 209 g/d (MMK), 228 g/d (AAV) to 242 g/d (KRI) in females. There were no significant differences in protein and carbohydrate intakes between the groups. Median calcium intakes ranged from 758.2 mg/d (MMK), 863 mg/d (AAV) to 989.3 mg/d (KRI) for the men and from 500.8 mg/d (MMK), 863 mg/d (AAV) to 934 mg/d (KRI) for the women. In the men, there was no differences in daily calcium intakes between the three vegetarian groups. However, we found a significant difference for women (P=0. 0041). The women in the MMK group presented significantly lower daily calcium intakes than the women in the AAV (P=0.013) and KRI (P=0.0032) groups. The AAV and KRI groups consumed dairy products supplying respectively 36% and 53% for the men and 39% and 59% for the women of total calcium against 0% for men and women in the MMK group. Median iron intakes ranged between 12.5 mg/d (KRI), 13.2 mg/d (AAV) and 22.5 mg/d (MMK) for the men and between 11.2 mg/d (KRI), 14.6 mg/d (AAV) and 16.9 mg/d (MMK) for the women. MMK (men P=0.0172 and women P=0.0131) and AAV (only in men P=0.037) groups consumed significantly higher quantities of iron than did the KRI group. The heme iron median intake in males and females of the three vegetarian groups was very low (<0.5%). Overall, the female vegetarians consumed 58.1 (MMK), 109 (AAV) and 127.4 (KRI) mg of vitamin C per day and the males 76.3 (MMK), 150.4 (AAV) and 150.4 (KRI) mg per day. Median vitamin B9 intakes ranged from 247.5 microg/d (KRI), 312 microg/d (MMK) to 390.4 microg/d (AAV) for the men and from 188.3 microg/d (MMK), 266.9 microg/d (KRI) to 323.8 microg/d (AAV) for the women. Vitamin B12 consumption ranged from 0.2 microg/d (MMK), 1.5 microg/d (AAV) to 1.7 microg/d (KRI) in the women and from 0.6 microg/d (MMK) to 1.0 microg/d (AAV and KRI) in the men. No differences in consumption were observed in the males. On the other hand, the women in the MMK group consumed significantly less vitamin C and B12 than did the women in the AAV (P=0.0006) and KRI (P=0. 0396) groups, while it was at the limit of significance for the females (P=0.0715) for vitamin B9. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that vegetarians have a better understanding of dietary requirements than does the general population. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

机译：目的：评估法国各种素食人群的饮食行为并确定其营养摄入量。设计：一份为期五天的自备食品记录，邮寄给法国三个主要素食组织的成员。受试者：145位年龄在7-87岁的受试者; 94名古典素食者（占总人数的19％），34名印度教乳素食者（占总人数的17％）和17种长寿生物（占总人数的34％）。地点：调查是在1997年3月至1997年7月之间在法国进行的。结果：法国的素食主义主要表现为三类食物行为：卵内植物（AAV），乳植物（KRI）和长生生物（MMK）。男性的几何平均摄入量从1952 kcal / d（KRI），2051 kcal / d（MMK）至2384 kcal / d（AAV）和1302 kcal / d（MMK），1675 kcal / d（AAV）至1804调整年龄和BMI后，女性的kcal / d（KRI）。 MMK组的能量消耗显着低于AAV（P <0.05）和KRI组（P <0.01）。女性中各组之间存在差异（P = 0.0002），而男性没有差异。 MMK组的脂肪消耗少于其他两个素食组，男性为46 g / d，女性为38 g / d，而AAV组的男性为80 g / d，女性为61 g / d，AAV组为93 g / d。 KRI组中男性分别为81 g / d，女性为81 g / d。与AAV和MMK的差异具有统计学意义（两组的男性和女性P <0.001）。男性平均蛋白质消耗量为60 g / d（AAV），64 g / d（KRI）至77 g / d（MMK），男性为46 g / d（MMK），50 g / d（AAV）至58 g / d（女性）。男性平均碳水化合物摄入量为247 g / d（AAV），321 g / d（KRI）至338 g / d（MMK）和209 g / d（MMK），228 g / d（AAV）至242 g / d（KRI）在女性中。两组之间蛋白质和碳水化合物的摄入量没有显着差异。男性的钙中位数摄入量介于758.2 mg / d（MMK），863 mg / d（AAV）至989.3 mg / d（KRI）和500.8 mg / d（MMK），863 mg / d（AAV）至934妇女的毫克/天（KRI）。在男性中，三个素食者之间的每日钙摄入量没有差异。但是，我们发现女性存在显着差异（P = 0.0041）。与AAV（P = 0.013）和KRI（P = 0.0032）组的女性相比，MMK组的女性的每日钙摄入量显着降低。 AAV和KRI组消耗的乳制品分别为男性提供36％和53％，女性提供39％和59％，而MMK组中男性为0％。男性的铁中位数摄入量在12.5 mg / d（KRI），13.2 mg / d（AAV）和22.5 mg / d（MMK）之间，在11.2 mg / d（KRI），14.6 mg / d（AAV）和16.9之间对于女性为mg / d（MMK）。 MMK（男性P = 0.0172和女性P = 0.0131）和AAV（仅男性P = 0.037）组的铁消耗量明显高于KRI组。三个素食者的男性和女性的血红素铁中位数摄入量非常低（<0.5％）。总体而言，女性素食者每天消耗58.1（MMK），109（AAV）和127.4（KRI）毫克的维生素C，而男性则每天摄入76.3（MMK），150.4（AAV）和150.4（KRI）毫克的维生素C。男性的维生素B9摄入量中位数为247.5微克/天（KRI），312微克/天（MMK）至390.4微克/天（AAV），男性为188.3微克/天（MMK），266.9微克/天（KRI）至对于女性为323.8 microg / d（AAV）。女性的维生素B12摄入量范围从0.2微克/天（MMK），1.5微克/天（AAV）至1.7微克/天（KRI）和0.6微克/天（MMK）至1.0微克/天（AAV和KRI）在男人中。在男性中没有观察到消费差异。另一方面，MMK组女性的维生素C和B12摄入量比AAV组（P = 0.0006）和KRI组（P = 0.3966）的女性要少得多，但在女性中维生素B9（P = 0.0715）。结论：我们的结果表明，素食者比一般人群对饮食需求有更好的了解。（摘要已截断）

Nutritional intakes of vegetarian populations in France.

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