As a nascent field of postgenomics R&D, theranostics is broadening the scope of science and technology investments for personalized medicine and global health. The envisioned theranostics applications are embedded in vast expectations for the 'bio-economy' by governments and stakeholders who aim to develop customized health interventions with drugs (e.g., pharmaco-genomics), nutrition (nutrigenomics) and vaccines (vaccinomics), as well as diagnostics for human diseases. However, theranostics science is not situated in a vacuum. It is developing in the broader postgenomics R&D landscape, with projects such as the Human Microbiome Project demonstrating that microbial communities and their genes (the microbiome) inextricably coexist throughout the human body, with fundamental roles in both human and ecosystem health
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