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Beliefs about God, the afterlife and morality support the role of supernatural policing in human cooperation

机译：关于上帝，来世和道德的信念支持超自然警务在人类合作中的作用

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Reputation monitoring and the punishment of cheats are thought to be crucial to the viability and maintenance of human cooperation in large groups of non-kin. However, since the cost of policing moral norms must fall to those in the group, policing isitself a public good subject to exploitation by free riders. Recently, it has been suggested that belief in supernatural monitoring and punishment may discourage individuals from violating established moral norms and so facilitate human cooperation. Here we use cross-cultural survey data from a global sample of 87 countries to show that beliefs about two related sources of supernatural monitoring and punishment — God and the afterlife — independently predict respondents' assessment of the justifiability of a range of moral transgressions. This relationship holds even after controlling for frequency of religious participation, country of origin, religious denomination and level of education. As well as corroborating experimental work, our findings suggest that, across cultural and religious backgrounds, beliefs about the permissibility of moral fransgressions are tied to beliefs about supernatural monitoring and punishment, supporting arguments that these beliefs may be important promoters of cooperation in human groups.
机译：声誉监控和对作弊行为的惩罚被认为对于在大批非亲属中维持和维持人类合作至关重要。但是，由于维持道德规范的成本必须由团体中的人承担，因此维持治安本身就是受搭便车者剥削的公共物品。最近，有人建议相信超自然的监视和惩罚可能会阻止个人违反既定的道德规范，从而促进人类合作。在这里，我们使用来自87个国家/地区的全球样本的跨文化调查数据，表明对超自然监测和惩罚的两个相关来源的信念-上帝和来世-独立地预测了受访者对一系列道德违法行为的合理性评估。即使在控制了宗教参与的频率，原籍国，宗教教派和教育水平之后，这种关系仍然成立。除了证实实验工作外，我们的发现还表明，在文化和宗教背景下，关于道德违法行为的允许的信念与关于超自然监督和惩罚的信念联系在一起，支持了这些信念可能是人类合作的重要推动者的论点。

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