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首页> 外文期刊>Experimental Gerontology >A novel technique for transforming the theft of mortal human cells into praiseworthy federal policy.
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A novel technique for transforming the theft of mortal human cells into praiseworthy federal policy.

机译：将盗窃人类细胞转变成值得称赞的联邦政策的一种新颖技术。

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A revolution has occurred in the attitude of biologists toward their intellectual property rights. What today is patentable and highly profitable was, 20 years ago, unpatentable and given away for nothing. The history of this revolution began in the early 1960s when we made the first effort to have self-duplicating cell strains patented. The application was denied because patent law at that time did not include living matter. Because of the demand for our normal human diploid cell strain, WI-38, by NIH grantees, NIH support was provided to distribute WI-38 gratis to hundreds of recipients. These included vaccine and cell manufacturers who profited enormously from the direct sale of WI-38 or its use as a substrate for many human virus vaccines. When federal support for the distribution of WI-38 ended, but demand did not, I continued to distribute it for costs similar to those made by the American Type Culture Collection. When I took the first initiative and asked NIH to have the then unique question of title to a self-duplicating system resolved, they sent an accountant who accused me of theft of government property. I replied with a lawsuit that, after six years of litigation, we won with an out-of-court settlement. During these six years the United States Supreme Court ruled that living matter could be patented. Also, the biotechnology industry was launched by biologists who, like me, started companies using cells or microorganisms developed with federal support. This use of intellectual property rights by the nascent biotechnology industry was ultimately embraced by the entire biological community and by a directive from the President of the United States. This revolution has now evolved to the point where government biologists themselves may profit from research in federal laboratories, and the NIH itself aggressively seeks private commercial alliances. Universities have also pursued similar alliances to the extent that today the distinction between a research university and a commercial organization is only in the eyes of the Internal Revenue Service.
机译：生物学家对他们的知识产权的态度发生了一场革命。 20年前，今天可申请专利和高利润的产品是没有专利的，并且一无所获。这项革命的历史始于1960年代初，当时我们首次努力使自复制细胞株获得专利。该申请被拒绝，因为当时的专利法不包括生物。由于NIH受赠人对我们正常的人类二倍体细胞株WI-38的需求，因此提供了NIH支持以将WI-38免费提供给数百个接受者。其中包括疫苗和细胞制造商，这些制造商从WI-38的直接销售或将其用作许多人类病毒疫苗的基质中获利颇丰。当联邦对WI-38分发的支持终止但需求没有停止时，我继续以与美国典型文化收藏馆类似的费用进行分发。当我提出第一个倡议并要求NIH解决自复制系统的唯一所有权问题时，他们派遣了一名会计师，指控我盗窃了政府财产。我的诉讼是在经过六年的诉讼后，我们以庭外和解胜诉。在这六年中，美国最高法院裁定可以对生物物质申请专利。同样，生物技术行业是由生物学家发起的，他们和我一样，开始使用在联邦政府支持下开发的细胞或微生物的公司。整个生物界和美国总统的指示最终都认可了新兴生物技术产业对知识产权的这种使用。这场革命现在已经演变为政府生物学家自己可以从联邦实验室的研究中受益的时刻，而美国国立卫生研究院本身也积极地寻求私人商业联盟。大学也追求类似的联盟，以至于今天研究型大学和商业组织之间的区别仅在国税局看来。

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