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3-D high-speed imaging of volcanic bomb trajectory in basaltic explosive eruptions

机译：玄武岩爆发中火山炸弹轨迹的3D高速成像

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摘要

Imaging, in general, and high speed imaging in particular are important emerging tools for the study of explosive volcanic eruptions. However, traditional 2-D video observations cannot measure volcanic ejecta motion toward and away from the camera, strongly hindering our capability to fully determine crucial hazard-related parameters such as explosion directionality and pyroclasts' absolute velocity. In this paper, we use up to three synchronized high-speed cameras to reconstruct pyroclasts trajectories in three dimensions. Classical stereographic techniques are adapted to overcome the difficult observation conditions of active volcanic vents, including the large number of overlapping pyroclasts which may change shape in flight, variable lighting and clouding conditions, and lack of direct access to the target. In particular, we use a laser rangefinder to measure the geometry of the filming setup and manually track pyroclasts on the videos. This method reduces uncertainties to 108 in azimuth and dip angle of the pyroclasts, and down to 20% in the absolute velocity estimation. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by three examples: the development of an explosion at Stromboli, a bubble burst at Halema'uma'u lava lake, and an in-flight collision between two bombs at Stromboli.
机译：通常，成像，尤其是高速成像，是研究爆炸性火山喷发的重要新兴工具。但是，传统的2D视频观测无法测量火山向和远离摄像机的喷出运动，这严重阻碍了我们完全确定与危险相关的关键参数（如爆炸方向和破火山岩的绝对速度）的能力。在本文中，我们最多使用三个同步高速相机来重建三维上的火山碎裂轨迹。经典的立体技术适用于克服活动火山口的困难观测条件，包括大量重叠的火山碎屑，它们可能会在飞行中改变形状，变化的光照和阴暗条件，并且无法直接进入目标。尤其是，我们使用激光测距仪来测量拍摄设置的几何形状，并手动跟踪视频上的火山碎裂。这种方法可将火山碎屑的方位角和倾角的不确定性降低至108，而将绝对速度估算的不确定度降低至20％。我们通过三个示例来证明这种方法的潜力：在斯特龙博利爆发爆炸，在哈勒玛玛玛火山湖上发生气泡破裂以及在斯特龙博利爆发两枚炸弹在飞行中碰撞。

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