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首页> 外文期刊>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: Journal of the Geochemical Society and the Meteoritical Society >Increase of apatite dissolution rate by scots pine roots associated or not with burkholderia glathei PML1(12)Rp in open-system flow microcosms
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Increase of apatite dissolution rate by scots pine roots associated or not with burkholderia glathei PML1(12)Rp in open-system flow microcosms

机译：在开放系统流动的微观世界中，与无盖伯克霍尔德菌PML1（12）Rp相关或不相关的苏格兰松树根提高磷灰石溶出速率

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The release of nutritive elements through apatite dissolution represents the main source of phosphorus, calcium, and several micronutrients (e.g., Zn, Cu) for organisms in non-fertilized forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to quantify, for the first time, the dissolution rate of apatite grains by tree roots that were or were not associated with a mineral weathering bacterial strain, and by various acids known to be produced by tree roots and soil bacterial strains in open-system flow microcosms. In addition, we explored whether the mobilization of trace elements (including rare earth elements) upon apatite dissolution was affected by the presence of trees and associated microorganisms. The dissolution rate of apatite by Scots pine plants that were or were not inoculated with the strain Burkholderia glathei PML1(12)Rp, and by inorganic (nitric) and organic (citric, oxalic and gluconic) acids at pH 5.5, 4.8, 3.8, 3.5, 3.0, and 2.0 was monitored in two controlled experiments: " plant-bacteria interaction" and " inorganic and organic acids" Analyses of the outlet solutions in the " plant-bacteria interaction" experiment showed that Scots pine roots and B. glathei PML1(12)Rp produced protons and organic acids such as gluconate, oxalate, acetate, and lactate. The weathering budget calculation revealed that Scots pines (with or without PML1(12)Rp) significantly increased (factor>10) the release of Ca, P, As, Sr, Zn, U, Y, and rare earth elements such as Ce, La, Nd from apatite, compared to control abiotic treatment. Scanning electron microscopy observation confirmed traces of apatite dissolution in contact of roots. Most dissolved elements were taken up by Scots pine roots, i.e., approximately 50% of Ca, 70% of P, 30% of As, 70% of Sr, 90% of Zn, and 100% of U, Y, and rare earth elements. Interestingly, no significant additional effect due to the bacterial strain PML1(12)Rp on apatite dissolution and Scots pine nutrition and growth was observed. The " inorganic and organic acids" experiment demonstrated that the apatite dissolution efficacy of organic acids was higher than for the inorganic acid and varied in function of the acids: oxalic acid>citric acid>gluconic acid>nitric acid for pH ≤3.5. In addition, apatite dissolution increased with increasing acidity for each acid. Only oxalic acid generated non-stoichiometric release of calcium and phosphorus from apatite in the solution at pH ≤3.5, due to the precipitation of Ca-oxalate crystals at apatite surfaces. Comparison of the experiments revealed that the apatite dissolution rate by Scots pines supplied with nutritive solution at pH 5.5 reached 2.0×10-13molcm-2s-1 and was equivalent to rates with nitric acid at pH 3.2, gluconic acid at pH 3.5, citric acid at pH 3.7, and oxalic acid at pH 3.8.Altogether our results highlight that, through the production of weathering agents, notably protons and organic acids, tree roots and root-associated microorganisms are able to significantly increase the release of macro- and micro-nutrients from apatite, thus maintaining high-nutrient conditions to support their growth.
机译：通过磷灰石溶解释放的营养元素代表了非施肥森林生态系统中生物的磷，钙和几种微量元素（例如锌，铜）的主要来源。这项研究的目的是首次量化与矿物风化细菌菌株相关或不相关的树木根部以及已知由树木根部和土壤细菌产生的各种酸对磷灰石颗粒的溶解速率开放系统流动微观世界中的应变。此外，我们探讨了磷灰石溶解后微量元素（包括稀土元素）的动员是否受到树木和相关微生物的存在的影响。接种或未接种Burkholderia glathei PML1（12）Rp菌株的苏格兰松树植物，以及pH 5.5、4.8、3.8，在两个受控实验中分别监控了3.5、3.0和2.0：“植物-细菌相互作用”和“无机酸和有机酸”在“植物-细菌相互作用”实验中出口溶液的分析表明，苏格兰松树根和B. glathei PML1 （12）Rp产生质子和有机酸，例如葡萄糖酸，草酸，乙酸和乳酸。天气预算估算显示，苏格兰松树（有或没有PML1（12）Rp）显着增加了Ca，P，As，Sr，Zn，U，Y和稀土元素（例如Ce，与对照非生物处理相比，磷灰石中的La，Nd。扫描电子显微镜观察证实了根部接触时磷灰石溶解的痕迹。大部分溶解元素被苏格兰松树根吸收，即大约50％的Ca，70％的P，30％的As，70％的Sr，90％的Zn和100％的U，Y和稀土元素。有趣的是，未观察到由于细菌菌株PML1（12）Rp对磷灰石溶解和苏格兰松树营养和生长的影响。 “无机和有机酸”实验表明，有机酸的磷灰石溶解效率高于无机酸，并且在酸的功能上有所不同：草酸>柠檬酸>葡萄糖酸>硝酸的pH值≤3.5。此外，磷灰石的溶解度随每种酸的酸度增加而增加。由于草酸钙晶体在磷灰石表面的沉淀，只有草酸会在pH≤3.5的溶液中从磷灰石中生成非化学计量的钙和磷释放。实验比较表明，在pH 5.5的营养溶液中，苏格兰松树的磷灰石溶解速率达到2.0×10-13molcm-2s-1，相当于pH在3.2的硝酸，葡萄糖在pH 3.5的柠檬酸的溶解速率。结果表明，通过产生风化剂（尤其是质子和有机酸），树根和与根相关的微生物能够显着增加宏观和微观微生物的释放，从而使pH值达到3.7，草酸达到3.8。来自磷灰石的营养物质，从而保持高营养条件以支持其生长。

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