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Pressure difference receiving ears

机译：压差接收耳

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摘要

Directional sound receivers are useful for locating sound sources, and they can also partly compensate for the signal degradations caused by noise and reverberations. Ears may become inherently directional if sound can reach both surfaces of the eardrum. Attempts to understand the physics of such pressure difference receiving ears have been hampered by lack of suitable experimental methods. In this review, we review the methods for collecting reliable data on the binaural directional cues at the eardrums, on how the eardrum vibrations depend on the direction of sound incidence, and on how sound waves behave in the air spaces leading to the interior surfaces of eardrums. A linear mathematical model with well-defined inputs is used for exploring how the directionality varies with the binaural directional cues and the amplitude and phase gain of the sound pathway to the inner surface of the eardrum. The mere existence of sound transmission to the inner surface does not ensure a useful directional hearing, since a proper amplitude and phase relationship must exist between the sounds acting on the two surfaces of the eardrum. The gain of the sound pathway must match the amplitude and phase of the sounds at the outer surfaces of the eardrums, which are determined by diffraction and by the arrival time of the sound, that is by the size and shape of the animal and by the frequency of sound. Many users of hearing aids do not obtain a satisfactory improvement of their ability to localize sound sources. We suggest that some of the mechanisms of directional hearing evolved in Nature may serve as inspiration for technical improvements.
机译：定向声音接收器可用于定位声源，它们还可以部分补偿由噪声和混响引起的信号衰减。如果声音可以到达鼓膜的两个表面，则耳朵可能会固有地定向。缺乏合适的实验方法阻碍了理解这种压差接收耳朵的物理性的尝试。在这篇综述中，我们回顾了在鼓膜上的双耳方向提示中收集可靠数据的方法，鼓膜振动如何取决于声音入射的方向以及声波在通向室内的内表面的空间中的行为。耳膜。使用具有明确定义的输入的线性数学模型来探索方向性如何随双耳方向提示以及到耳膜内表面的声音路径的振幅和相位增益而变化。仅仅存在到内表面的声音传输不能确保有用的定向听觉，因为作用在鼓膜两个表面上的声音之间必须存在适当的振幅和相位关系。声音路径的增益必须与在鼓膜外表面的声音的振幅和相位相匹配，这取决于衍射和声音的到达时间，即动物的大小和形状，以及声音的到达时间。声音的频率。助听器的许多用户无法获得令人满意的定位声源的能力。我们建议自然界进化出的一些定向听觉机制可能会为技术改进提供灵感。

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