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Rapid area change in pitch-up manoeuvres of small perching birds

机译：小型栖息鸟类的俯仰动作迅速改变面积

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摘要

Rapid pitch-up has been highlighted as a mechanism to generate large lift and drag during landing manoeuvres. However, pitching rates had not been measured previously in perching birds, and so the direct applicability of computations and experiments to observed behaviour was not known. We measure pitch rates in a small, wild bird (the black-capped chickadee; Poecile atricapillus), and show that these rates are within the parameter range used in experiments. Pitching rates were characterized by the shape change number, a metric comparing the rate of frontal area increase to acceleration. Black-capped chickadees increase the shape change number during perching in direct proportion to their total kinetic and potential energy at the start of the manoeuvre. The linear relationship between dissipated energy and shape change number is in accordance with a simple analytical model developed for two-dimensional pitching and decelerating airfoils. Black-capped chickadees use a wing pitch-up manoeuvre during perching to dissipate energy quickly while maintaining lift and drag through rapid area change. It is suggested that similar pitch-and-decelerate manoeuvres could be used to aid in the controlled, precise landings of small manoeuvrable air vehicles.
机译：快速着陆已经被强调为在着陆动作期间产生大的升力和阻力的一种机制。但是，以前没有在栖息的鸟类中测量俯仰速度，因此未知将计算和实验直接应用于观察到的行为。我们测量了一只野生小鸟（黑头山雀; Poecile atricapillus）的俯仰率，并表明这些率在实验所用的参数范围内。俯仰率通过形状变化数来表征，该度量是比较额叶面积增加与加速度的比率的度量。黑冠山雀在栖息期间增加的形状变化数量与其在操纵开始时的总动能和势能成正比。耗散的能量与形状变化数之间的线性关系符合为二维俯仰和减速机翼开发的简单分析模型。黑顶山雀在栖息期间使用机翼俯仰动作快速消散能量，同时在快速变化的区域中保持升力和阻力。建议可以使用类似的俯仰和减速操纵来辅助小型机动飞机的受控，精确着陆。

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