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Biaxial mechanical characterization of bat wing skin

机译：蝙蝠翼蒙皮的双轴力学表征

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The highly flexible and stretchable wing skin of bats, together with the skeletal structure and musculature, enables large changes in wing shape during flight. Such compliance distinguishes bat wings from those of all other flying animals. Although several studies have investigated the aerodynamics and kinematics of bats, few have examined the complex histology and mechanical response of the wing skin. This work presents the first biaxial characterization of the local deformation, mechanical properties, and fiber kinematics of bat wing skin. Analysis of these data has provided insight into the relationships among the structural morphology, mechanical properties, and functionality of wing skin. Large spatial variations in tissue deformation and non-negligible fiber strains in the cross-fiber direction for both chordwise and spanwise fibers indicate fibers should be modeled as two-dimensional elements. The macroscopic constitutive behavior was anisotropic and nonlinear, with very low spanwise and chordwise stiffness (hundreds of kilopascals) in the toe region of the stress-strain curve. The structural arrangement of the fibers and matrix facilitates a low energy mechanism for wing deployment and extension, and we fabricate examples of skins capturing this mechanism. Wepropose a comprehensive deformation map for the entire loading regime. The results of this work underscore the importance of biaxial field approaches for soft heterogeneous tissue, and provide a foundation for development of bio-inspired skins to probe the effects of the wing skin properties on aerodynamic performance.
机译：蝙蝠的高度灵活和可伸展的机翼皮肤，以及骨骼结构和肌肉系统，可在飞行过程中使机翼形状发生较大变化。这种顺应性使蝙蝠翅膀与所有其他飞行动物的翅膀区别开来。尽管有几项研究调查了蝙蝠的空气动力学和运动学特性，但很少有研究者对机翼皮肤的复杂组织学和力学响应进行了研究。这项工作提出了蝙蝠翼蒙皮的局部变形，机械性能和纤维运动学的第一个双轴表征。通过对这些数据的分析，可以深入了解机翼蒙皮的结构形态，机械性能和功能之间的关系。对于弦向和翼展方向的纤维，组织变形的大空间变化和横向纤维方向上不可忽略的纤维应变均表明纤维应建模为二维元素。宏观本构行为是各向异性的和非线性的，在应力应变曲线的趾部区域具有极低的翼展方向和弦向刚度（百千帕斯卡）。纤维和基体的结构安排促进了机翼展开和伸展的低能耗机制，我们制作了捕捉这种机制的蒙皮示例。我们为整个加载方案提出了一个综合的变形图。这项工作的结果强调了双轴场方法对于柔软的异质组织的重要性，并为开发受生物启发的皮肤以探究机翼蒙皮特性对空气动力性能的影响提供了基础。

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