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Influence of elevated CO2 on interspecific interactions at higher trophic levels

机译：高营养水平下二氧化碳浓度升高对种间相互作用的影响

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We report the results of a study investigating the influence of elevated CO2 on species interactions across three trophic levels: a plant (Brassica oleracea), two aphid herbivores (the generalist Myzus persicae and the specialist Brevicoryne brassicae), and two natural enemies (the coccinellid Hippodamia convergens (ladybird) and the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae). Brassica oleracea plants reared under elevated CO2 conditions (650 ppmv vs. 350 ppmv) were larger and had decreased water and nitrogen content. Brevicoryne brassicae reared on plants grown in elevated CO2 were larger and accumulated more fat, while there was no change in M. persicae traits. Fecundity of individual aphids appeared to be increased when reared on plants grown in elevated CO2. However, these differences were generally lost when aphids were reared in colonies, suggesting that such changes in plant quality will have subtile effects on aphid intraspecific interactions. Nevertheless, CO2 treatment did influence aphid distribution on plants, with significantly fewer M. persicae found on the shoots, and B. brassicae was only found on senescing leaves, when colonies were reared on plants grown in elevated CO2. We reared B. brassicae and M. persicae in competition on plants grown at both the CO2 concentration treatments. We found a significantly lower ratio of M. persicae: B. brassicae on plants grown under elevated CO2 conditions, strongly suggesting that increasing CO2 concentrations can alter the outcome of competition among insect herbivores. This was also reflected in the distribution of the aphids on the plants. While the CO2 treatment did not influence where B. brassicae were found, fewer M. persicae were present on senescing leaves under elevated CO2 conditions. Changes in plant quality resulting from the CO2 treatments did not appear to alter aphid quality as prey species, as the number consumed by the ladybird H. convergens, and the number parasitised by the parasitoid wasp D. rapae, did not change. To our knowledge, this study provides the first empirical evidence that changes in host plant quality mediated by increasing levels of CO2 can alter the outcome of interspecific competition among insect herbivores.
机译：我们报告了一项研究的结果，该研究调查了二氧化碳在三个营养水平上对物种相互作用的影响：一种植物（甘蓝），两种蚜虫食草动物（全民Myzus persicae和专为Brevicoryne Brasilicae）以及两个天敌（球藻） Hippodamia convergens（瓢虫）和寄生类黄蜂Diaeretiella rapae）。在升高的二氧化碳条件下（650 ppmv对350 ppmv）饲养的芸苔属植物较大，水分和氮含量降低。在二氧化碳浓度升高的条件下生长的植物上生长的Brevicoryne brasicae较大，并且积累了更多的脂肪，而persicae的性状没有变化。当在二氧化碳浓度升高的植物上饲养时，单个蚜虫的繁殖力似乎增加。但是，当在种群中培育蚜虫时，这些差异通常会消失，这表明这种植物质量的变化将对蚜虫种内相互作用产生微妙的影响。然而，CO2处理确实影响了蚜虫在植物上的分布，在芽上发现的百日咳小孢子菌明显减少，而当在高CO2浓度下生长的菌落培育时，仅在衰老的叶子上发现了芸苔芽孢杆菌。在两种CO2浓度处理下生长的植物上，我们通过竞争饲养了芸苔双歧杆菌和百日草。我们发现在升高的CO2条件下生长的植物上的百日草和芸苔科的比率明显较低，这强烈表明增加的CO2浓度可以改变昆虫食草动物之间的竞争结果。这也反映在蚜虫在植物上的分布上。虽然CO2处理不会影响发现芸苔芽孢杆菌的位置，但在CO2浓度升高的条件下，感性叶片上的桃蚜分枝杆菌较少。由于瓢虫H. convergens消耗的数量和被寄生类黄蜂D. rapae寄生的数量没有变化，因此CO2处理导致的植物质量变化似乎并未改变蚜虫的质量，成为猎物。据我们所知，这项研究提供了第一个经验证据，表明通过增加CO2水平介导的寄主植物质量的变化可以改变昆虫食草动物之间种间竞争的结果。

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