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Marine eutrophication and benthos: the need for new approaches and concepts

机译：海洋富营养化和底栖生物：对新方法和新概念的需求

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In this review, using examples drawn from field observations or experimental studies, our goals are (i) to briefly summarize the major changes, in terms of species composition and functional structure, occurring in phyto and zoobenthic communities in relation to nutrient enrichment of the ecosystems; particular interest is given to the major abiotic and biotic factors occurring during the eutrophication process, (ii) to discuss the direct and indirect influences of benthic organisms on eutrophication and whether the latter can be controlled or favoured by benthos; most benthic species play a major role in the process of benthic nutrient regeneration, affecting primary production by supplying nutrients directly and enhancing rates of pelagic recycling; experimental studies have shown that the impact of benthic fauna on benthic-pelagic coupling and nutrient release is considerable. Thus, once the eutrophication process is engaged-that is, high organic matter sedimentation-it may be indirectly favoured by benthic organisms; benthos should always be considered in eutrophication studies, (iii) to evaluate the limits of our observations and data, highlighting the strong need for integrated studies leading to new concepts. Coastal ecosystems and benthic communities are potentially impacted by numerous human activities (demersal fishing, toxic contaminants, aquaculture...); in order to design strategies of ecosystem restoration or rehabilitation, we have to better understand coastal eutrophication and develop tools for quantifying the impacts; in order to achieve this goal, some possible directions proposed are: integrated studies leading to new concepts, model development based on these concepts and finally comparison of various ecosystems on a global scale.
机译：在这篇综述中，我们使用从野外观察或实验研究中得到的实例，我们的目标是（i）简要概述与生态系统养分富集有关的植物和底栖动物群落在物种组成和功能结构方面的主要变化。 ;特别关注富营养化过程中发生的主要非生物和生物因素，（ii）讨论底栖生物对富营养化的直接和间接影响，以及底栖生物是否可以控制或有利于底栖生物;大多数底栖生物在底栖营养物的再生过程中起着重要作用，通过直接供应营养物和提高远洋再循环的速度来影响初级生产。实验研究表明，底栖动物群对底栖-上层耦合和养分释放的影响很大。因此，一旦进行了富营养化过程（即高有机物沉降），底栖生物可能会间接地促进它的生长。在富营养化研究中，应始终考虑使用便当。（iii）评估我们的观测和数据的局限性，突出了对综合研究产生新概念的强烈需求。沿海生态系统和底栖生物群落可能受到众多人类活动（沉水捕鱼，有毒污染物，水产养殖……）的影响;为了设计生态系统恢复或恢复的策略，我们必须更好地了解沿海富营养化并开发量化影响的工具;为了实现这一目标，提出了一些可能的方向：导致新概念的综合研究，基于这些概念的模型开发以及最终在全球范围内比较各种生态系统。

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