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Impacts of extreme climatic events on competition during grasslandinvasions

机译：极端气候事件对草地入侵期间竞争的影响

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Phytometers of five C3 and five C4 species were transplanted into three different grasslands to study the effects of extreme climatic events on community invasibility and competition. Single extreme heating (eight hours at 52.5 degreesC) and rainfall (the equivalent of 100 mm) events in factorial combinations were superimposed on the grassland communities. A novel technique involving portable computer-controlled chambers was used to create the heating events. In order to generate predictions of response to the extreme climatic events, the 10 phytometer species were categorized con the basis of 12 key plant functional traits. Using principal component analysis, two functional types (FTs) were identified as most likely to be advantaged (FT1, fast-growing C4 annuals) and disadvantaged (FT2, slower-growing C3 perennials) by an extreme climatic event. Competition between the resident vegetation and FT1 plus other C4 phytometers was consistently more intense within the exclusively C3 community compared to the dry C3/C4 community or moist C3/C4 community. The single extreme heating event had the greatest impact on competition, lowering the intensity of competition between the phytometers and resident vegetation. Our results indicate that competition is highly important in limiting the invasion of C3 grasslands by C4 species. The FT1 and FT2 responses confirmed predictions based on plant functional traits, whether growing as phytometers or as part of the resident vegetation. Future increases in climatic variability and the incidence of extreme climatic events are expected to suppress C3 competitive dominance and promote invasion of C4 species, in particular, the FT1 species.
机译：将5个C3和5个C4种类的植物密度计移植到三个不同的草原上，以研究极端气候事件对社区入侵和竞争的影响。在草地群落上叠加了一次极端加热（在52.5摄氏度下八小时）和降雨（相当于100毫米）事件。一种涉及便携式计算机控制腔室的新技术被用来产生加热事件。为了生成对极端气候事件响应的预测，根据12种关键植物功能性状对10种植物种类进行了分类。通过主成分分析，确定了两种功能类型（FTs）在极端气候事件中最有可能发挥优势（FT1，C4年限快速增长）和处于不利地位（FT2，C3年限增长较慢）。与干燥的C3 / C4社区或潮湿的C3 / C4社区相比，在专属C3社区内，常驻植被与FT1和其他C4植酸计之间的竞争一直更加激烈。单一的极端高温事件对竞争影响最大，降低了植酸计与常驻植被之间的竞争强度。我们的结果表明，竞争在限制C4物种入侵C3草原方面非常重要。 FT1和FT2响应证实了基于植物功能性状的预测，无论是作为植酸计生长还是作为常驻植被的一部分生长。未来气候变化性的增加和极端气候事件的发生预计将抑制C3竞争优势并促进C4物种（特别是FT1物种）的入侵。

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