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Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on plant growth and herbivore defensive chemistry

机译：二氧化碳和温度升高对植物生长和草食动物防御化学的影响

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Concentration of atmospheric CO2 and temperature have both been rising for the last three decades. In this century, the temperature has been predicted to rise by 2-5degreesC and the CO2 concentration to double. These changes may affect the primary and secondary metabolism of plants and thus have implications for other trophic levels. However, the biotic interactions in changing climate conditions are poorly known. In this study, two questions were addressed: W How will climate change affect growth and the amounts of secondary compounds in flexible plant species? and 60 How will this affect herbivores living on this species. Four clones of the dark-leaved willow (Salix myrsinifolia (Salisb.)) seedlings were grown in closed-top chambers with two controlled factors: concentration of atmospheric CO2 and temperature (T). There were four combinations of these factors, each combination replicated four times (total of 16 chambers): (i) Control CO2 (350 ppm) and control T, (ii) Elevated CO2 (700 ppm) and control T, (iii) Control CO2 and elevated T (2degreesC), and (iv) Elevated CO2 and elevated T. Stem growth and aerial biomass of the plants were determined; and the leaf phenolics, nitrogen and water concentrations were analysed. In addition the growth rate of larvae and feeding preference of adults of a specialist herbivore, the chrysomelid beetle Phratora vitellinae (L.), on the treated willow leaves were measured. Elevated temperature and CO2 concentration increased the stem biomass and elevated CO2 increased leaf biomass and total aerial biomass of the willows. Patterns of biomass allocation were different in different temperature treatments. At elevated temperature there was less branch and leaf material in relation to stems than at the control temperature. Moreover, patterns of biomass allocation differed among clones. CO2 enhancement increased the specific leaf weight (SLW) and reduced both water and nitrogen content of the leaves, however, leaf area was unaffected by the treatments. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and T enhancement reduced the concentrations of several phenolic compounds in the leaves. Phenolic compounds, nutrients, and water in the leaves might be diluted partly due to increased carbon allocation to different structures (e.g. thickening of cell wall and increase of trichomes, etc.). In some cases plant clones showed specific responses to treatments. The CO2 enhancement reduced the relative growth rate (RGR) of the beetle larvae, and in contrast, temperature elevation increased it. Adult beetles did not clearly discriminate between willow leaves grown in different T and CO2 environments, but tended to eat more leaf material from chambers with doubled CO2 concentration. At elevated CO2 adult beetles may need to eat more leaf material in order to reproduce, which may in turn prolong the life cycles, increasing the risk of being eaten and possibly affecting ability to overwinter successfully. Overall, climate change may significantly modify the dynamic interaction between willow and beetle populations. [References: 62]
机译：在过去的三十年中，大气中的二氧化碳浓度和温度都在上升。在本世纪，人们预测温度会上升2-5摄氏度，二氧化碳浓度会翻倍。这些变化可能影响植物的初级和次级代谢，因此对其他营养水平具有影响。但是，人们对变化的气候条件下的生物相互作用知之甚少。在这项研究中，解决了两个问题：W气候变化将如何影响灵活植物物种的生长和次生化合物的数量？ 60这​​将如何影响生活在该物种上的草食动物。将暗叶柳（Salix myrsinifolia（Salisb。））的四个克隆在密闭的密室中生长，该密闭的密室具有两个受控因素：大气中CO2的浓度和温度（T）。这些因素有四种组合，每种组合重复四次（总共16个腔室）：（i）对照CO2（350 ppm）和对照T，（ii）升高的CO2（700 ppm）和对照T，（iii）对照CO2和升高的T（2℃），以及（iv）CO2和升高的T。确定了植物的茎生长和空中生物量;并分析了叶片中的酚，氮和水的浓度。另外，还测量了处理过的柳叶上的一种特殊的草食动物，即金龟子甲壳虫Phratora vitellinae（L.）的幼虫的生长速度和成虫的摄食偏好。温度升高和CO2浓度升高增加了柳树的茎生物量，而CO2升高则增加了叶生物量和总空中生物量。不同温度处理的生物量分配方式不同。在高温下，与茎相比，枝和叶的材料比在对照温度下少。此外，克隆之间生物量分配的模式也不同。二氧化碳的增加增加了比叶重（SLW），并降低了叶片的水和氮含量，但是，叶面积不受处理的影响。二氧化碳（CO2）和T增强降低了叶片中几种酚类化合物的浓度。叶片中的酚类化合物，养分和水分可能会部分稀释，这是由于碳在不同结构上的分配增加（例如，细胞壁增厚和毛状体等）。在某些情况下，植物克隆显示出对处理的特异性反应。二氧化碳的增加降低了甲虫幼虫的相对生长率（RGR），相反，温度升高则使甲虫幼虫的相对生长率升高。成年甲虫没有清楚地区分在不同的T和CO2环境下生长的柳叶，但趋于在CO2浓度加倍的情况下进食更多的叶材。在二氧化碳含量升高的情况下，成年甲虫可能需要吃更多的叶片材料才能繁殖，这反过来又可能延长生命周期，增加被食用的风险，并可能影响成功越冬的能力。总体而言，气候变化可能会极大地改变柳树和甲虫种群之间的动态相互作用。 [参考：62]

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