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The long way from Kyoto to Marrakesh: Implications of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations for global ecology

机译：从京都到马拉喀什的漫长路程：《京都议定书》谈判对全球生态的启示

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The Sixth and Seventh Conference of the Parties (COP 6 and 7) at The Hague, Bonn and Marrakesh came to a final Agreement on the Kyoto Protocol, which is thus ready for ratification by the individual nations. The Agreement was only achieved by allowing countries to offset their fossil fuel emission targets (on average 95% of the 1990 emissions) by increasing biological carbon sequestration, and by trading carbon credits. Activities that would count as increasing biological carbon sequestration include afforestation and reforestation, and changes in management of agriculture and forestry. According to the Agreement reached in Marrakesh, biological carbon sequestration may reach an offset of up to 80% of the required reduction in fossil fuel emissions (4% of the 5% reduction commitment). We explain why the allowable offset rose as high during the course of the negotiations. It is highlighted that major unintended consequences may be a result of the policy as it stands in the Marrakesh Accord. Major losses of biodiversity and primary forest are expected. We present scientific concerns regarding verification, which lead to scientific doubts that the practices encouraged by the Agreement can actually increase sequestration under a full carbon accounting scheme. We explain that there is a 'win-win' option that would protect high carbon pools and biodiversity in an economically efficient way. But, this is not supported by the Agreement. Despite the very positive signal that most nations of the United Nations will devote major efforts towards climate protection, there remains a most urgent need to develop additional rules to avoid unintended outcomes, and to promote the 'win-win' options that we explain.
机译：在海牙，波恩和马拉喀什举行的第六届和第七届缔约方会议（COP 6和7）达成了关于《京都议定书》的最终协议，因此准备由各个国家批准。该协议只有通过允许各国通过增加生物碳封存和交易碳信用额来抵消其化石燃料排放目标（平均为1990年排放量的95％）来实现。可算作增加的生物碳固存的活动包括造林和重新造林，以及农业和林业管理的变化。根据在马拉喀什达成的协议，生物固碳可能抵消化石燃料排放量所需减少量的80％（减排承诺5％的4％）。我们解释了为什么在谈判过程中允许的抵消额上升得如此之高。需要强调的是，主要的意外后果可能是《马拉喀什协定》中的这一政策的结果。预计生物多样性和原始森林将遭受重大损失。我们提出了与核查有关的科学问题，这引起了科学上的怀疑，即《协定》所鼓励的做法实际上是否可以在完整的碳核算计划下增加封存。我们解释说，存在一种“双赢”的选择，可以以经济高效的方式保护高碳库和生物多样性。但是，此协议不支持。尽管有非常积极的信号表明联合国大多数国家将为保护气候作出重大努力，但仍然最迫切需要制定其他规则，以避免意外结果，并促进我们解释的“双赢”选择。

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