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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Engineering history and heritage >Groundwater lowering for construction of the Kilsby Tunnel, UK - pumping and tunnelling
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Groundwater lowering for construction of the Kilsby Tunnel, UK - pumping and tunnelling

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The Kilsby Tunnel, constructed in the 1830s under the direction of Robert Stephenson, faced severe problems when asection of the tunnel, almost 400m long, was driven through water-bearing unstable ‘quicksand’ conditions.Contemporary methods were not well suited to tunnelling through such conditions, and in previous decades, severalcanal tunnels had been planned to specifically divert around expected ‘bad ground’, and others took years to complete atgreat expense. Stephenson’s team, drawing on their experience from the mining industry, did not take this approach andultimately worked through the unstable ground, albeit with considerable delays and cost increases. This was achieved inpart by establishing a large-scale groundwater pumping system, unique for the time, that lowered groundwater levelsand stabilised the quicksand, which resulted from a buried channel of glaciofluvial sands, cut into bedrock, that had beenmissed by trial borings. Steam engines were used to pump from multiple shafts (including four dedicated pumpingshafts, off set from the tunnel alignment), with a reported pumping rate of 136 l/s for several months. One unusualfeature was the use of flatrod systems to transmit mechanical power horizontally; this allowed a single engine to drivepumps in several different shafts.

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