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首页> 外文期刊>Field Crops Research >Effects of tillage and time of sowing on bread wheat, chickpea, barley and lentil grown in rotation in rainfed systems in Syria
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Effects of tillage and time of sowing on bread wheat, chickpea, barley and lentil grown in rotation in rainfed systems in Syria

机译：耕作和播种时间对叙利亚雨养系统中轮作的面包小麦，鹰嘴豆，大麦和小扁豆的影响

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Cropping systems in the drylands of west Asia are characterized by grazing, burning or harvesting of stubbles, multiple cultivations and late sowing, which can limit yields and lead to soil erosion and degradation. There is a lack of information on more conservation-based technologies developed in other countries to address some of these problems, particularly manipulations of tillage and time of sowing. This long-term field experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions at ICARDA near Aleppo in northern Syria to investigate the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) in combination with early and late times of sowing on the performance (production and profitability) of bread wheat, chickpea, barley and lentil grown in rotation over six years (2006-07 to 2011-12). As expected, the amount and pattern of rainfall was a major driver of crop performance, varying from 222 to 453 mm among the growing seasons. The grain yield of crops was often similar under ZT and CT (approximate to 70% of year-crop-time of sowing combinations) and with early and late sowing (approximate to 80% of year-tillage-crop combinations), but there were also many instances when ZT yielded significantly better than CT (approximate to 25%) and early sowing yielded better than late sowing (approximate to 13%). Importantly, over the four years from 2008-09 to 2011-12, the improved crop management system of ZT and early sowing gave higher grain yields than the conventional farmer system of CT sown late in two (13%) of the 16 year x crop combinations, similar yields in 13(81%) combinations and lower yields for ZT early in one (6%) combination. During this time, the average grain yield increases with ZT and early sowing when compared to CT and late sowing were a significant 332 kg ha(-1) (18%) for wheat, 127 kg ha(-1) (20%) for chickpea and 135 kg ha(-1) (15%) for lentil, and a non-significant 295 kg ha(-1) (12%) for barley. Corresponding increases in gross margins ($US) were 162, 147, 89 and 176 $ ha(-1) for wheat, chickpea, barley and lentil, respectively. In chickpea, the most profitable treatment was ZT sown late, producing an extra 281 kg ha(-1) and 271 $ ha(-1) compared to CT sown late. Early sowing improved crop establishment with increased plant densities of 30%, 48% and 29% for wheat, barley and lentil respectively, while ZT increased densities by 19%, 22% and 12% for chickpea, barley and lentil, respectively, when sown early. Other yield components reflected the grain yield responses. The increased grain yields achieved in this study, in combination with lower costs and greater profits, suggest ZT plus early sowing should be evaluated and promoted more widely as an-attractive cropping technology for farmers in the Middle East. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：西亚干旱地区的作物系统的特征是放牧，焚烧或收获茬，多次种植和晚播，这会限制单产并导致土壤侵蚀和退化。缺乏有关其他国家开发的更多基于保护的技术来解决其中一些问题的信息，尤其是耕作和播种时间的操纵。这项长期的田间试验是在叙利亚北部阿勒颇附近的ICARDA的雨水条件下进行的，旨在研究常规耕作（CT）和零耕作（ZT）结合播种的早晚对性能（产量和获利能力）的影响面包小麦，鹰嘴豆，大麦和小扁豆轮流生长了六年（2006-07至2011-12）。正如预期的那样，降雨的数量和方式是作物生长的主要驱动力，生长季的降雨量从222毫米到453毫米不等。在ZT和CT下，作物的谷物产量通常相似（约占播种年产量的70％），早期和后期播种（约占耕作年产量的80％），但在许多情况下，ZT的产量也显着优于CT（约25％），而早播比晚播（约13％）好。重要的是，在2008-09年至2011-12年的四年中，改良的ZT作物管理系统和早期播种比16年x作物中的两个后期（13％）播种的传统CT农民制度提高了谷物产量组合中，有13种（81％）组合具有相似的产量，而在一类（6％）组合中ZT早期的产量较低。在此期间，与CT和后期播种相比，ZT和早期播种的平均谷物产量随小麦的增加而显着增加，小麦为332 kg ha（-1）（18％），小麦为127 kg ha（-1）（20％）。鹰嘴豆和小扁豆为135 kg ha（-1）（15％），大麦为295 kg ha（-1）（12％）。相应的小麦，鹰嘴豆，大麦和小扁豆的毛利率（美元）分别增加了162、147、89和176美元ha（-1）ha（-1）。在鹰嘴豆中，最有利的处理方法是延迟播种ZT，与延迟播种CT相比，可额外增加281 kg ha（-1）和271 $ ha（-1）。早期播种改善了作物的生长，小麦，大麦和小扁豆的种植密度分别提高了30％，48％和29％，而鹰嘴豆，大麦和小扁豆播种时，ZT分别使密度提高了19％，22％和12％。早。其他产量成分反映了谷物的产量响应。在这项研究中实现的谷物增产，再加上较低的成本和更高的利润，表明ZT和早期播种应作为对中东农民的一种有吸引力的种植技术进行评估和推广。 （C）2015 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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