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Impacts of payments for environmental services on local development in northern Costa Rica: A fuzzy multi-criteria analysis

机译：环境服务付款对哥斯达黎加北部地方发展的影响：模糊多准则分析

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摘要

Market mechanisms for forest environmental services are increasingly used for promoting environmental conservation, and their impacts on development are of considerable interest. In Costa Rica a national scheme of Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) rewards landowners for the services provided by different forest land-uses. We evaluated the impacts of reforestation under the PSA on local development in the North of the country. We applied a fuzzy multi-criteria analysis including socioeconomic, institutional, and cultural dimensions and based on the individual perceptions of landowners. The impacts of the PSA applied to reforestation are positive; negative economic impacts are balanced by positive institutional and cultural impacts. In most dimensions, the impacts on the poorest landowners are notably positive and generally higher than for upper class landowners. However, the short-term incomes of the poorest landowners decrease as a consequence of reforestation. This problem may engender negative outcomes and reduce the participation of the poorest landowners in the PSA. Positive impacts were stronger for landowners applying to the PSA through a local non-governmental organization.
机译：森林环境服务的市场机制被越来越多地用于促进环境保护，其对发展的影响引起了极大的兴趣。在哥斯达黎加，一项国家环境服务付款计划（PSA）奖励土地所有者因不同森林土地用途提供的服务。我们评估了PSA下的重新造林对该国北部地区发展的影响。我们基于土地所有者的个人看法，应用了包括社会经济，制度和文化维度在内的模糊多准则分析。 PSA应用于重新造林的影响是积极的;负面的经济影响与积极的制度和文化影响相平衡。在大多数方面，对最贫穷土地所有者的影响尤其显着，并且比上层阶级土地所有者的影响要大。但是，由于植树造林，最贫穷的土地所有者的短期收入减少了。该问题可能会带来负面结果，并减少最贫困土地所有者在PSA中的参与。通过当地非政府组织向PSA申请土地所有者的积极影响更大。

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