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首页> 外文期刊>Forest Ecology and Management >Native bark-foraging birds preferentially forage in infected ash (Fraxinus spp.) and prove effective predators of the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire).
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Native bark-foraging birds preferentially forage in infected ash (Fraxinus spp.) and prove effective predators of the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire).

机译：本地树皮觅食的鸟类优先在受感染的灰烬（Fraxinus spp。）中觅食，并证明是侵入性的翡翠灰bore（Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire）的有效捕食者。

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Inadvertently introduced into North America in the 1990s, the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) has been spreading across the Great Lakes Region resulting in widespread ash tree (Fraxinus spp.) mortality. Native woodpeckers and other bark-foraging insectivores represent one of the few potential natural predators of EAB in the U.S. In this study, we combined observational and destructive tree harvesting approaches to assess bark-foraging bird predation on EAB larvae in a deciduous forest of central Ohio. Results of our observational study show that in an EAB impacted forest, bark-foraging birds forage more heavily on ash trees than non-ash trees, and that they forage preferentially on ash trees that exhibit canopy decline symptoms relative those with healthy canopies. These patterns were further supported by the destructive sampling of 46 ash trees wherein predation by bark-foragers significantly reduced tree-level EAB densities by upwards of 85%. Bark-foraging predation intensity increased with increased EAB infestation levels, with bark-foragers harvesting ~45% of EAB in trees with thinning canopies compared to ~22% in ash trees with healthy canopies. Woodpeckers harvest EAB in a density-dependent pattern that could contribute to population control. Despite bark-forager predation, EAB had a high likelihood of successfully emerging from the heavily infested ash trees (~30% or 35 EAB per m2). Our results suggest that woodpeckers and other bark-foragers may use visual canopy decline, and perhaps other cues, to target ash trees with increased EAB densities. Moreover, our results provide insight into the indirect effects of invasive species on biotic interactions in forest ecosystems highlighting potential shifts in bark-foraging and other bird behaviors in response to a novel forest pest. Bark-foragers respond to EAB infestation and may thus potentially help regulate EAB populations and their spread in a mixed deciduous forest. We suggest that maintaining snags and nesting sites during and after forest pest outbreaks may enhance populations of bark-foraging bird species and, thus, their biological control of pest insects in temperate deciduous forests.
机译：侵入性的翡翠灰bore虫（EAB，Agrilus planipennis）在1990年代无意中引入了北美，已在大湖地区蔓延，导致广泛的灰烬树（Fraxinus spp。）死亡。本地啄木鸟和其他以树皮觅食的食草动物是美国EAB少数潜在的自然捕食者之一。在这项研究中，我们结合了观察性和破坏性树木采伐方法，以评估俄亥俄州中部落叶林中EAB幼虫的以树皮觅食的鸟类捕食。我们的观察研究结果表明，在受EAB影响的森林中，树皮觅食的鸟类在灰树上的觅食要比非灰树大得多，并且相对于健康树冠，它们优先在表现出树冠下降症状的灰树上觅食。这些模式得到了46棵灰树的破坏性采样的进一步支持，其中树皮觅食者的捕食将树木水平的EAB密度显着降低了多达85％。树皮觅食的捕食强度随EAB侵染水平的提高而增加，树皮觅食者在冠层变薄的树中收获约45％的EAB，而在灰白色的树冠中则收获约22％的树冠。啄木鸟以密度依赖的模式收获EAB，这可能有助于种群控制。尽管有树皮觅食者捕食，但EAB极有可能成功地从严重侵染的白蜡树中出现（约30％或35 mB / m 2 ）。我们的研究结果表明，啄木鸟和其他树皮觅食者可能会利用视觉冠层下降（也许还有其他暗示）来针对具有增加的EAB密度的白蜡树。此外，我们的结果提供了对入侵物种对森林生态系统中生物相互作用的间接影响的洞察力，从而突出了树皮觅食和其他鸟类行为对新型森林害虫的反应的潜在变化。树皮觅食者对EAB的侵害作出反应，因此可能潜在地帮助调节EAB种群及其在混合落叶林中的扩散。我们建议在森林虫害爆发期间和之后维持断枝和筑巢地点可能会增加树皮觅食鸟类的种群数量，从而提高它们在温带落叶林中对害虫的生物学控制。

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