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Microbial pathogens in the fungal kingdom

机译：真菌王国中的微生物病原体

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The fungal kingdom is vast, spanning similar to 1.5 to as many as 5 million species diverse as unicellular yeasts, filamentous fungi, mushrooms, lichens, and both plant and animal pathogens. The fungi are closely aligned with animals in one of the six to eight supergroups of eukaryotes, the opisthokonts. The animal and fungal kingdoms last shared a common ancestor similar to 1 billion years ago, more recently than other groups of eukaryotes. As a consequence of their close evolutionary history and shared cellular machinery with metazoans, fungi are exceptional models for mammalian biology, but prove more difficult to treat in infected animals. The last common ancestor to the fungal/metazoan lineages is thought to have been unicellular, aquatic, and motile with a posterior flagellum, and certain extant species closely resemble this hypothesized ancestor. Species within the fungal kingdom were traditionally assigned to four phyla, including the basal fungi (Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota) and the more recently derived monophyletic lineage, the dikarya (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota). The fungal tree of life project has revealed that the basal lineages are polyphyletic, and thus there are as many as eight to ten fungal phyla. Fungi that infect vertebrates are found in all of the major lineages, and virulence arose multiple times independently. A sobering recent development involves the species Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from the basal fungal phylum, the Chytridiomycota, which has emerged to cause global amphibian declines and extinctions. Genomics is revolutionizing our view of the fungal kingdom, and genome sequences for zygomycete pathogens (Rhizopus, Mucor), skin-associated fungi (dermatophytes, Malassezia), and the Candida pathogenic species clade promise to provide insights into the origins of virulence. Here we survey the diversity of fungal pathogens and illustrate key principles revealed by genomics involving sexual reproduction and sex determination, loss of conserved pathways in derived fungal lineages that are retained in basal fungi, and shared and divergent virulence strategies of successful human pathogens, including dimorphic and trimorphic transitions in form. The over-arching conclusion is that fungal pathogens of animals have arisen repeatedly and independently throughout the fungal tree of life, and while they share general properties, there are also unique features to the virulence strategies of each successful microbial pathogen
机译：真菌王国辽阔，涵盖范围从1.5到多达500万，包括单细胞酵母，丝状真菌，蘑菇，地衣以及动植物病原体。真菌与6至8个真核生物超群之一（兽眼兽）中的动物紧密结合。动物界和真菌界的共同祖先大约是十亿年前，比其他真核生物群更晚。由于其密切的进化历史和与后生动物共享的细胞机制，真菌是哺乳动物生物学的特殊模型，但事实证明，在感染动物中更难治疗。真菌/ metazoan谱系的最后一个共同祖先被认为是单细胞的，水生的和活动的，后鞭毛，某些现存物种与该假想祖先非常相似。传统上，真菌王国中的物种被分配到四个门，包括基础真菌（Chytridiomycota，Zygomycota）和最近衍生的单系谱系dikarya（Ascomycota，Basidiomycota）。真菌生命之树计划表明，基础谱系是多系的，因此有多达8至10个真菌门。在所有主要谱系中都发现了感染脊椎动物的真菌，并且毒力独立出现了多次。最近的一个令人发人深省的发展涉及到来自基底真菌门的Chytridiomycota的Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis物种，该物种已引起全球两栖动物的减少和灭绝。基因组学正在彻底改变我们对真菌界的看法，以及合子菌病原体（根瘤菌，Mucor），皮肤相关真菌（皮肤真菌，马拉色菌属）和念珠菌病原体进化枝的基因组序列有望提供有关毒力起源的见解。在这里，我们调查了真菌病原体的多样性，并阐明了由基因组学揭示的关键原理，这些基因组学涉及有性生殖和性别确定，基础真菌中保留的衍生真菌谱系中保守途径的丢失以及成功的人类病原体（包括双态性）的共享和分散毒力策略和形式的三态转变。最重要的结论是，动物的真菌病原体在整个真菌生命树中反复且独立地出现，尽管它们具有共同的特性，但每种成功的微生物病原体的毒力策略也具有独特的特征。

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