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首页> 外文期刊>Fungal Biology Reviews >From two to many: Multiple mating types in Basidiomycetes
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From two to many: Multiple mating types in Basidiomycetes

机译：从两个到很多：担子菌的多种交配类型

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Fungi do not have different sexes characterized by specific morphological organs but control sexual development by physiological differences defined by mating types. While other lineages in the fungal kingdom have only two distinct mating types, multiple mating types are common in the Basidiomycetes, presumably for outcomes related to enhanced outbreeding. Mating types in Basidiomycetes are determined by genes that encode two types of homeodomain transcription factors (HD genes) and by genes that encode lipopeptide pheromones and pheromone receptors (PR genes). In the tetrapolar mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, these genes reside at two distinct loci on different chromosomes and regulate distinct steps in dikaryon formation and maintenance and fruiting body formation for sexual reproduction by controlling the expression of large sets of genes. The matA (HD) locus in C. cinerea has an estimated 160 alleles in nature, and the matB (PR) locus has 79. The respective products of both loci interact with each other in a lock-and-key manner. Proteins encoded in allelic sets of mating type genes recognize each other and interact in order to either form a functional transcription factor complex that is transported into the nucleus (matA proteins) or to initiate a pheromone response signaling cascade (matB proteins). Products encoded by the same matA or matB allele do not interact, which is crucial to the functionality of the two systems controlling sexual development. Multiple alleles of mating type genes arose in evolution through the evolution of distinct DNA sequences and the resulting encoded proteins perform the tasks of recognition and discrimination. In a second modus of multiplication, paralogous sets of HD and PR genes evolved by gene duplications and subsequent sequence diversification in order to mediate functional independency and respective allele variation. In C. cinerea, there are thus three paralogous groups of functional mating type genes at both the matA and the matB locus. Because groups of paralogous genes are freely interchangeable, only a few alleles of each of the actual gene groups (between 2 and 9 are known per group) are required to generate the large number of distinct matA and matB mating types found in nature. As deduced from the ever increasing number of genome projects, the basic principles of evolution of multiple mating types as unraveled in C. cinerea by Lorna A. Casselton and her coworkers are to different degrees also operative in other mushroom species. (C) 2015 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：真菌没有以特定形态器官为特征的不同性别，但通过交配类型定义的生理差异来控制性发育。真菌王国中的其他血统只有两种不同的交配类型，而在担子菌中很常见多种交配类型，大概是为了与远亲繁殖相关的结果。担子菌的交配类型由编码两种同源域转录因子的基因（HD基因）和编码脂肽信息素和信息素受体的基因（PR基因）决定。在四极蘑菇灰粉菌中，这些基因位于不同染色体上的两个不同的基因座上，并通过控制大量基因的表达来调节双核体形成和维持以及子实体形成以进行有性繁殖的不同步骤。灰黄葡萄球菌的matA（HD）基因座在自然界中估计有160个等位基因，而matB（PR）基因座具有79个等位基因。两个基因座的各自产物以锁钥方式相互相互作用。在交配型基因的等位基因组中编码的蛋白质彼此识别并相互作用，以形成转运到细胞核中的功能性转录因子复合物（matA蛋白）或启动信息素反应信号级联反应（matB蛋白）。由相同的matA或matB等位基因编码的产品不会相互作用，这对于控制性发育的两个系统的功能至关重要。交配型基因的多个等位基因是通过不同的DNA序列进化而来的，所得的编码蛋白执行识别和区分的任务。在第二种繁殖方式中，通过基因复制和随后的序列多样化进化出HD和PR基因的旁系同源序列，以介导功能独立性和相应的等位基因变异。因此，在灰黄梭菌中，在matA和matB基因座上都存在三个功能性交配型基因的旁系同源群。由于旁系同源基因组可以自由互换，因此，每个实际基因组的几个等位基因（每组已知2至9个等位基因）才需要生成大量自然界中不同的matA和matB交配类型。从不断增长的基因组计划中推论得出，Lorna A. Casselton和她的同事在C. cinerea中阐明的多种交配类型进化的基本原理在其他蘑菇物种中也有不同程度的作用。 （C）2015英国Mycological Society。由Elsevier Ltd.出版。保留所有权利。

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