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Probes to monitor in-plant material degradation

机译：监测工厂内材料降解的探针

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Fireside corrosion in coal fired boilers has been well-investigated. The main causes of water wall fireside corrosion are: (1) impurities in the fuel, such as sulphur alkali metals and chlorine; (2) the lack of control of the combustion process resulting in a reducing gaseous environment at the tube surface; (3) flame impingement; and (4) overtemperature of tube metal. Co-firing secondary fuels in coal fired boilers is becoming common practice in many power stations in Europe. Secondary fuels like wood, refuse derived fuels, meat and bone meal, straw, poultry litter or mixtures of several secondary fuels are co-fired up to 20-wt percent. Most of these biomass fuels contain high concentrations of alkali chlorides. Considering the composition of these fuels, limitations on the maximum amount of secondary fuels to be co-fired in coal fired boilers are expected. In addition to the environmental benefits from biomass fired power plants, co-firing can result in "green" power labelling and governmental subsidy. Also savings on fuel costs may be a driving force for an increase of the amount of biomass or secondary fuels to be co-fired. However, without corrosion monitoring, short-term policies concerning co-firing secondary fuels in large volumes can lead to high costs in the medium or long term. These costs can be due to corrosion damage both in the furnace and superheater sections and penalties due to unplanned outages in a highly competitive electricity market. This paper summarizes practical experiences from corrosion monitoring programs with KEMA corrosion probes. The first prototype was successfully tested in 1997 at the Hemweg Unit 8 coal fired power plant of Reliant Energy in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Other corrosion monitoring programs were carried out at coal fired power plants and at a waste incineration plant. At present a large-scale corrosion monitoring and material testing program is in progress at the Maasvlakte power station Unit 1 near Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In this 520 MWe power plant of E.on Benelux more than 10-wt percent of mixtures of secondary fuels are directly co-fired. In addition to aspects such as emissions, fuel handling and fuel cost savings, co-firing secondary fuels requires corrosion monitoring to check the tolerance to different fuel types of coal fired boilers.
机译：燃煤锅炉的炉膛腐蚀已得到充分研究。水壁炉膛腐蚀的主要原因是：（1）燃料中的杂质，如硫的碱金属和氯; （2）缺乏对燃烧过程的控制，导致管子表面的气体环境减少; （3）火焰撞击; （4）金属管过热。在欧洲的许多电站中，将燃煤锅炉中的二次燃料共燃已成为普遍做法。诸如木材，垃圾衍生燃料，肉和骨粉，稻草，家禽垫料或几种辅助燃料的混合物之类的辅助燃料共烧至20 wt％。这些生物质燃料大多数都含有高浓度的碱金属氯化物。考虑到这些燃料的成分，预计将限制在燃煤锅炉中共燃烧的二次燃料的最大量。除了利用生物质燃料发电厂给环境带来的好处外，共燃还可以带来“绿色”电力标签和政府补贴。另外，节省燃料成本可以是增加将被共燃的生物质或二次燃料的量的驱动力。但是，如果没有腐蚀监测，那么关于大量共烧二次燃料的短期政策可能会导致中长期的高成本。这些成本可能是由于熔炉和过热器部分的腐蚀损坏，以及由于在竞争激烈的电力市场中计划外停机造成的罚款。本文总结了使用KEMA腐蚀探头进行腐蚀监测程序的实践经验。第一个原型机于1997年在荷兰阿姆斯特丹的Reliant Energy的Hemweg Unit 8燃煤电厂成功进行了测试。其他腐蚀监测程序是在燃煤电厂和垃圾焚烧厂实施的。目前，在荷兰鹿特丹附近的Maasvlakte电站1号机组正在进行大规模腐蚀监测和材料测试计划。在比荷卢经济联盟（B.Elux）的520兆瓦（MWe）发电厂中，超过10重量％的二次燃料混合物被直接共燃。除了排放，燃料处理和燃料成本节省等方面之外，共燃二次燃料还需要进行腐蚀监测，以检查对燃煤锅炉不同燃料类型的耐受性。

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