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The effectiveness of portfolios for post-graduate assessment and education: BEME Guide No 12.

机译：投资组合对研究生评估和教育的有效性：BEME指南第12号。

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BACKGROUND: Portfolios in post-graduate healthcare education are used to support reflective practice, deliver summative assessment, aid knowledge management processes and are seen as a key connection between learning at organisational and individual levels. This systematic review draws together the evidence on the effectiveness of portfolios across postgraduate healthcare and examines the implications of portfolios migrating from paper to an electronic medium across all professional settings. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for articles describing the use of a portfolio for learning in a work or professional study environment. It was designed for high sensitivity and conducted across a wide range of published and unpublished sources relevant to professional education. No limits for study design or outcomes, country of origin or language were set. Blinded, paired quality rating was carried out, and detailed appraisal of and data extraction from included articles was managed using an online tool developed specifically for the review. Findings were discussed in-depth by the team, to identify and group pertinent themes when answering the research questions. RESULTS: Fifty six articles from 10 countries involving seven healthcare professions met our inclusion criteria and minimum quality threshold; mostly uncontrolled observational studies. Portfolios encouraged reflection in some groups, and facilitated engagement with learning. There was limited evidence of the influence of a number of factors on portfolio use, including ongoing support from mentors or peers, implementation method, user attitude and level of initial training. Confounding variables underlying these issues, however have not been fully investigated. A number of authors explored the reliability and validity of portfolios for summative assessment but reports of accuracy across the disparate evidence base varied. Links to competency and Quality Assurance frameworks have been demonstrated. There were conflicting reports about whether the different purposes of portfolios can be combined without compromising the meaningfulness of the contents. There was good evidence that the flexibility of the electronic format brought additional benefits to users, assessors and organisations, and encouraged more enthusiastic use. Security of data remained a high priority issue at all levels, and there was emerging evidence of successful transfer between electronic portfolio systems. CONCLUSION: The evidence base is extensive, but contains few high quality studies with generalisable messages about the effectiveness of portfolios. There is, however, good evidence that if well implemented, portfolios are effective and practical in a number of ways including increasing personal responsibility for learning and supporting professional development. Electronic versions are better at encouraging reflection and users voluntarily spend longer on them. Regular feedback from a mentor enhances this success, despite competing demands on users' time and occasional scepticism about the purpose of a portfolio. Reports of inter-rater reliability for summative assessments of portfolio data are varied and there is benefit to be gained from triangulating with other assessment methods. There was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on how portfolios work in interdisciplinary settings.
机译：背景：研究生医疗保健教育中的档案袋用于支持反思性实践，提供总结性评估，帮助知识管理流程，并被视为组织和个人层面学习之间的关键联系。这项系统的综述收集了有关整个研究生医疗保健投资组合有效性的证据，并研究了投资组合从纸质迁移到所有专业环境中的电子媒介的含义。方法：进行文献检索，搜索描述在工作或专业学习环境中使用学习档案袋的文章。它的设计具有很高的敏感性，可在与专业教育有关的各种已出版和未出版资源中进行。没有设置研究设计或结果，原籍国或语言的限制。进行了盲目，配对质量评级，并使用专门为审阅而开发的在线工具来管理所包括文章的详细评估和数据提取。研究小组对结果进行了深入讨论，以便在回答研究问题时确定和分组相关主题。结果：来自10个国家/地区的56篇文章涉及7个医疗保健专业，符合我们的纳入标准和最低质量要求;大多数是不受控制的观察性研究。档案袋鼓励在某些小组中进行反思，并促进学习参与。仅有有限的证据表明，许多因素对项目组合的使用有影响，包括导师或同伴的持续支持，实施方法，用户态度和初始培训水平。然而，这些问题背后的混杂变量尚未得到充分研究。许多作者探索了用于汇总评估的投资组合的可靠性和有效性，但是不同证据基础上的准确性报告各不相同。已经证明了与能力和质量保证框架的链接。关于是否可以组合投资组合的不同目的而不损害其内容的意义的报道相互矛盾。有充分的证据表明，电子格式的灵活性为用户，评估者和组织带来了更多好处，并鼓励了更多的热情使用。数据的安全性仍然是所有级别的一个高度优先的问题，并且越来越多的证据表明，在电子资产组合系统之间成功进行了转移。结论：证据基础广泛，但很少有高质量的研究，关于投资组合的有效性具有可概括的信息。但是，有充分的证据表明，如果实施得当，投资组合可以通过多种方式有效和实用，包括增加个人的学习责任和支持专业发展。电子版本在鼓励反思方面表现更好，用户自愿花更多时间在上面。尽管对用户的时间有竞争性的需求，并且偶尔对投资组合的目的持怀疑态度，导师的定期反馈仍可以提高这种成功。用于评估投资组合数据的评估者间可靠性的报告各不相同，与其他评估方法进行三角剖分会带来好处。没有足够的证据得出关于组合在跨学科环境中如何工作的结论。

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