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Spemann's organizer and the self-regulation of embryonic fields

机译：Spemann的组织者与胚胎场的自我调节

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Embryos and developing organs have the remarkable ability of self-regenerating after experimental manipulations. In the Xenopus blastula half-embryos can regenerate the missing part, producing identical twins. Studies on the molecular nature of Spemann's organizer have revealed that self-regulation results from the battle between two signaling centers under reciprocal transcriptional control. Long-range communication between the dorsal and ventral sides is mediated by the action of growth factor antagonists - such as the BMP antagonist Chordin - that regulate the flow of BMPs within the embryonic morphogenetic field. BMPs secreted by the dorsal Spemann organizer tissue are released by metalloproteinases of the Tolloid family, which cleave Chordin at a distance of where they were produced, The dorsal center secretes Chordin, Noggin, BMP2 and ADMP. The ventral center of the embryo secretes BMP4, BMP7, Sizzled, Crossveinless-2 and Tolloid-related. Crossveinless-2 binds Chordin/BMP complexes, facilitating their flow towards the ventral side, where BMPs are released by Tolloid allowing peak BMP signaling. Self-regulation occurs because transcription of ventral genes is induced by BMP while transcription of dorsal genes is repressed by BMP signals. This assures that for each action of Spemann's organizer there is a reaction in the ventral side of the embryo. Because both dorsal and ventral centers express proteins of similar biochemical activities, they can compensate for each other. A novel biochemical pathway of extracellular growth factor signaling regulation has emerged from these studies in Xenopus. This remarkable dorsal-ventral positional information network has been conserved in evolution and is ancestral to all bilateral animals.
机译：胚胎和发育中的器官在实验操作后具有很强的自我再生能力。在非洲爪蟾囊胚中，半胚胎可以再生缺失的部分，从而产生相同的双胞胎。对Spemann组织者分子性质的研究表明，自我调节是由于在相互转录控制下两个信号中心之间的战斗所致。背侧和腹侧之间的远程通讯是由生长因子拮抗剂（例如BMP拮抗剂Chordin）的作用介导的，该因子调节BMP在胚胎形态发生场内的流动。背部Spemann组织者组织分泌的BMP由Tolloid家族的金属蛋白酶释放，该酶在产生它们的一段距离处切割Chordin。背面中心分泌Chordin，Noggin，BMP2和ADMP。胚胎的腹中心分泌BMP4，BMP7，Sizzled，Crossveinless-2和Tolloid相关。 Crossveinless-2结合Chordin / BMP复合物，促进它们向腹侧流动，其中Tolloid释放BMP，从而产生峰值BMP信号传导。之所以会进行自我调节，是因为BMP诱导了腹侧基因的转录，而BMP信号则抑制了背侧基因的转录。这确保了Spemann组织者的每个动作在胚胎的腹侧都有反应。由于背侧和腹侧中心都表达具有相似生化活性的蛋白质，因此它们可以相互补偿。在非洲爪蟾中的这些研究已经提出了细胞外生长因子信号调节的新型生化途径。这个卓越的背腹位置信息网络在进化中一直得到保存，并且是所有双边动物的祖先。

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