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Identical elements model of arithmetic memory: Extension to addition and subtraction

机译：算术存储器的相同元素模型：加法和减法的扩展

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摘要

The identical elements (IE) model of arithmetic fact representation (Rickard, 2005; Rickard & Bourne, 1996) was developed and tested with multiplication and division. In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that the model also applies to addition and subtraction by examining transfer of response time (RT) savings between prime and probe problems tested in the same block of trials. As is predicted by the IE model, there were equivalent probe RT savings for addition with identical repetition (prime 6 + 9 -> probe 6 + 9) or an order change (9 + 6 -> 6 + 9), but much greater savings for subtraction with identical repetition (15 - 6 -> 15 - 6) than with an order change (15 - 9 - 15 - 6), and no savings with an operation change (15 - 9 -> 6 + 9 or 6 + 9 -> 15 - 6). In Experiment 2, we examined transfer in simple multiplication and division and demonstrated symmetrical transfer between operations. Cross-operation RT savings were eliminated, however, when the RT analysis included only trials on which both the prime and the probe problems were reportedly solved by direct retrieval. An IE model extended to accommodate savings associated with procedural strategies provides a coherent account of facilitative transfer effects in simple arithmetic.
机译：算术事实表示的相同元素（IE）模型（Rickard，2005年; Rickard和Bourne，1996年）得到了开发，并通过乘法和除法进行了测试。在实验1中，我们通过检查在同一试验中测试的主要问题和探针问题之间节省的响应时间（RT）的转移，证明了该模型还适用于加法和减法。如IE模型所预测的，在重复相同的操作（原始6 + 9->探针6 + 9）或顺序更改（9 + 6-> 6 + 9）的情况下，添加相同的探针RT可以节省很多，但是节省的更多重复次数相同（15-6-> 15-6）的减法比顺序更改（15-9-15-6）的减法，操作更改（15-9-> 6 + 9或6 + 9）没有节省-> 15-6）。在实验2中，我们以简单的乘法和除法检查了转移，并证明了运算之间的对称转移。但是，当RT分析仅包括试验，据报道通过直接检索解决了主要问题和探针问题时，就消除了交叉操作的RT节省。扩展的IE模型可容纳与过程策略相关的节省，从而在简单的算术中就促进转移效果提供了连贯的说明。

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