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首页> 外文期刊>Molecular phylogenetics and evolution >Grafting the molecular phylogenetic tree with morphological branches to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus Zaprionus (Diptera : Drosophilidae)
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Grafting the molecular phylogenetic tree with morphological branches to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus Zaprionus (Diptera : Drosophilidae)

机译：用形态学分支嫁接分子系统发育树以重建Zaprionus属的进化史（Diptera：Drosophilidae）

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摘要

A molecular phylogeny for the drosophilid genus Zaprionus was inferred using a mitochondrial (CO-II) and a nuclear (Amyrel) gene using 22 available species. The combined molecular tree does not support the current classification, dubbed phylogenetic, based entirely upon a morphocline of forefemoral ornamentation. For species for which DNA was not available, phylogenetic positioning was only assigned using morphological characters. In order to avoid conflict between DNA and morphology in the combined analyses (supermatrix method), we developed a new method in which few morphological characters were sampled according to an a priori homoplasy assessment on the consensus molecular tree. At each internal node of the tree, a number of synapomorphies was determined, and species with no molecular sequences were grafted thereon. Analogously to tree vocabulary, we called our method 'morphological grafting'. New species groups and complexes were then defined in the light of our findings. Further, divergence times were estimated under a relaxed molecular clock, and historical biogeography was reconstructed under a maximum likelihood model. Zaprionus appears to be of recent origin in the Oriental region during the Late Miocene (similar to 10 MYA), and colonization of Africa started shortly after (similar to 7 MYA) via the maritime route of the Indian Ocean Islands. Most of the morphological and ecological diversification took place, later, in Western Africa during the Quaternary cyclic climatic changes. Furthermore, some species became recent invaders, with one, Zaprionus indianus, has successfully invaded South and North America during the last decade. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc.
机译：使用线粒体（CO-II）和核（Amyrel）基因，使用22种可用物种推断果蝇Zaprionus属的分子系统发育。组合的分子树不完全基于前额修饰的吗啉来支持当前分类，称为系统发育。对于无法获得DNA的物种，仅使用形态学特征指定系统发育定位。为了避免DNA和形态之间在组合分析中发生冲突（超级矩阵方法），我们开发了一种新方法，该方法根据对共有分子树的先验同质性评估，很少采样到形态特征。在树的每个内部节点，确定了许多同形，并将没有分子序列的物种嫁接到其上。类似于树木词汇，我们称我们的方法为“形态嫁接”。然后根据我们的发现定义了新的物种组和复合体。此外，在一个宽松的分子钟下估计发散时间，并在最大似然模型下重建历史生物地理。 Zaprionus似乎是在中新世晚期（类似于10 MYA）期间起源于东方地区，不久之后就通过印度洋群岛的海上航线开始了对非洲的殖民（类似于7 MYA）。大部分形态和生态多样化发生在后来的第四纪气候变化的西部非洲。此外，一些物种成为最近的入侵者，其中Zaprionus indianus在过去十年中成功入侵了南美和北美。 （C）2008由Elsevier Inc.出版

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