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首页> 外文期刊>Mutation Research. Reviews in Mutation Research >The history, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of carbon-based fuels and their emissions. Part 2: Solid fuels
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The history, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of carbon-based fuels and their emissions. Part 2: Solid fuels

机译：碳基燃料及其排放物的历史，遗传毒性和致癌性。第2部分：固体燃料

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The combustion of solid fuels (like wood, animal dung, and coal) usually involves elevated temperatures and altered pressures and genotoxicants (e.g., PAHs) are likely to form. These substances are carcinogenic in experimental animals, and epidemiological studies implicate these fuels (especially their emissions) as carcinogens in man. Globally, similar to 50% of all households and similar to 90% of all rural households use solid fuels for cooking or heating and these fuels often are burnt in simple stoves with very incomplete combustion. Exposed women and children often exhibit low birth weight, increased infant and perinatal mortality, head and neck cancer, and lung cancer although few studies have measured exposure directly. Today, households that cannot meet the expense of fuels like kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity resort to collecting wood, agricultural residue, and animal dung to use as household fuels. In the more developed countries, solid fuels are often used for electric power generation providing more than half of the electricity generated in the United States. The world's coal reserves, which equal approximately one exagram, equal similar to 1 trillion barrels of crude oil (comparable to all the world's known oil reserves) and could last for 600 years. Studies show that the PAHs that are identified in solid fuel emissions react with NO2 to form direct-acting mutagens. In summary, many of the measured genotoxicants found in both the indoor and electricity-generating combustors are the same; therefore, the severity of the health effects vary with exposure and with the health status of the exposed population. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
机译：固体燃料（例如木材，动物粪便和煤）的燃烧通常涉及高温和压力变化，并且可能形成遗传毒性物质（例如PAHs）。这些物质在实验动物中具有致癌性，流行病学研究表明这些燃料（尤其是其排放物）是人类致癌物。在全球范围内，约有50％的家庭和90％的农村家庭使用固体燃料做饭或取暖，这些燃料通常在简单的炉子中燃烧，燃烧不完全。接触过的妇女和儿童通常表现出低出生体重，增加的婴儿和围生儿死亡率，头颈癌和肺癌，尽管很少有研究直接测量接触量。如今，无法负担煤油，液化石油气和电力等燃料费用的家庭不得不收集木材，农业残留物和动物粪便作为家庭燃料。在较发达国家中，固体燃料通常用于发电，提供美国发电量的一半以上。世界煤炭储量约等于1毫安，相当于1万亿桶原油（相当于世界上所有已知的石油储量），并且可以持续600年。研究表明，在固体燃料排放中鉴定出的PAH与NO2反应形成直接作用的诱变剂。总之，在室内燃烧室和发电燃烧室中发现的许多测得的遗传毒物是相同的。因此，健康影响的严重性随暴露程度和暴露人群的健康状况而变化。 （C）2014由Elsevier B.V.发布

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