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首页> 外文期刊>Behavioral Ecology >Sex-biased environmental sensitivity: natural and experimental evidence from a bird species with larger females
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Sex-biased environmental sensitivity: natural and experimental evidence from a bird species with larger females

机译：基于性别的环境敏感性：来自雌性较大的鸟类的自然和实验证据

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The larger sex is often more vulnerable, in terms of development and survival, to poor conditions during early life. Differential vulnerability has implications for parental investment strategies such as sex ratio theory. When males are larger, it is not possible to separate the effects of larger size per se and other aspects of the male phenotype on vulnerability. Furthermore, offspring competition might favor the larger sex and thereby mask intrinsic, size-related effects. We studied sex-specific mortality in a bird species with reversed size dimorphism, the great skua Stercorarius skua, under natural and experimentally created poor conditions. Small eggs from extended laying sequences were used to create poor early conditions for the offspring, which were raised as singletons. Daughters had a lower survival in all treatment groups. Survival in natural broods was additionally affected by hatch date and position. Hatch weight was not different for sons and daughters but was lower in experimental than in natural nests. In natural nests, daughters fledged 10% heavier than sons, but in experimental nests, they did not reach a higher mass. The average survival difference between sons and daughters was not increased in experimental broods. However, hatch weight had a strong sex-specific effect. Very light females never survived, and survival probability of daughters increased with increasing hatch weight. By contrast, survival of sons over the same range of hatch weights was not related to weight. These findings support the hypothesis that larger (final) size per se is related to sex-specific offspring vulnerability during early life.
机译：就发展和生存而言，较大的性别往往更容易遭受早期生活中的恶劣条件的影响。差异性脆弱性对诸如性别比理论之类的父母投资策略具有影响。当雄性较大时，不可能将较大尺寸本身和雄性表型的其他方面对脆弱性的影响分开。此外，后代竞争可能会有利于更大的性别，从而掩盖与大小有关的内在影响。我们研究了在自然条件下和实验条件下恶劣条件下大小相反的双态鸟类（大贼鸥）的性别特异性死亡率。延长产蛋顺序产生的小卵被用于为后代创造较差的早期条件，并以单胎形式饲养。在所有治疗组中，女儿的存活率均较低。孵化日期和位置还会影响自然种群的生存。男女之间的孵化重量没有差异，但实验中的孵化重量要比天然巢中的孵化重量低。在自然巢中，女儿的出雏比儿子重10％，但在实验性巢中，它们没有达到更高的质量。在实验中，子女之间的平均生存差异并未增加。但是，孵化重量具有很强的性别特异性作用。体重很轻的雌性从不存活，随着孵化重量的增加，雌性的存活概率增加。相比之下，在相同的孵化重量范围内，儿子的生存与体重无关。这些发现支持这样一个假说，即更大（最终）的大小本身与生命早期特定于性别的后代脆弱性有关。

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