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Dating divergences in the Fungal Tree of Life: review and new analyses

机译：真菌生命树中的约会差异：回顾和新分析

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The collection of papers in this issue of Mycologia documents considerable improvements in taxon sampling and phylogenetic resolution regarding the Fungal Tree of Life. The new data will stimulate new attempts to date divergences and correlate events in fungal evolution with those of other organisms. Here, we review the history of dating fungal divergences by nucleic acid variation and then use a dataset of 50 genes for 25 selected fungi, plants and animals to investigate divergence times in kingdom Fungi. In particular, we test the choice of fossil calibration points on dating divergences in fungi. At the scale of our analysis, substitution rates varied without showing significant within-lineage correlation, so we used the Langley-Fitch method in the R8S package of computer programs to estimate node ages. Different calibration points had a dramatic effect on estimated divergence dates. The estimate for the age of the Ascomycota/Basidiomycota split was 1 808 000 000 y ago when calibrated assuming that mammals and birds diverged 300 000 000 y ago, 1 489 000 000 y ago when calibrated assuming that the 400 000 000 y old fungal fossil Paleopyrenomycites devonicus represents Sordariomycetes and similar to 400 000 000 y ago when calibrated assuming 206 000 000 y ago for the plant eudicot/monocot divergence. An advantage of a date of similar to 400 000 000 y ago for the Ascomycota/Basidiomycota divergence is that the radiation of fungi associated with land plants would not greatly precede the earliest land plant fossils. Acceptance of similar to 400 000 000 y ago for the Ascomycota/Basidiomycota split would require that P. devonicus be considered a deeply branching Ascomycota. To improve on current estimates of divergence times, mycologists will require calibration points from within groups of fungi that share similar substitution rates. The most useful calibration is likely to depend on the discovery and description of continuous records of fossil fungi, or their spores, that show recognizable shifts in morphology.
机译：在本期《 Mycologia》中，论文的收集证明了有关真菌生物树的分类单元采样和系统发育解析方面的显着改进。新的数据将刺激人们进行新的尝试来确定分歧，并将真菌进化中的事件与其他生物的事件联系起来。在这里，我们通过核酸变异回顾了约会真菌分歧的历史，然后使用了25个选定真菌，动植物的50个基因的数据集来研究王国真菌中的分歧时间。特别地，我们测试了真菌约会差异上化石校准点的选择。在我们的分析范围内，替代率变化不大，而且没有显着的谱系内相关性，因此我们在计算机程序的R8S软件包中使用了Langley-Fitch方法来估计节点年龄。不同的校准点对估计的差异日期有显着影响。假设哺乳动物和鸟类在30亿年前分裂，校正后的年龄估计为1808000000 y年前，假设40亿年前的真菌化石进行校正，则在校正后的年龄为1489000000 y。 Paleopyrenomycites devonicus代表Sordariomycetes，并且在校准前假设206 000 000 y用于植物双子叶植物/单子叶植物的发散，在校准前类似于400 000 000 y。与子囊菌/ Basidiomycota的发散日期相近的日期是4000亿年前，它的优点是与陆地植物相关的真菌的辐射不会大大早于最早的陆地植物化石。如果要在大约40亿年前将子囊菌/担子菌分开，就必须将恶臭假单胞菌视为深分支的子囊菌。为了改善当前对发散时间的估计，真菌学家将需要共享相似替代率的真菌组中的校准点。最有用的校准可能取决于对化石真菌或其孢子的连续记录的发现和描述，这些记录显示出形态学上可识别的变化。

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