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In vitro utilization of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in hemodialysis therapy

机译：铁磁纳米粒子在血液透析治疗中的体外利用

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The in vitro utilization of biocompatible ferromagnetic nanoparticles (BFNs) in hemodialysis (HD), routinely used today for the treatment of end stage renal disease (ESRD), is introduced in this work. The proposed strategy is termed magnetically assisted hemodialysis (MAHD) and it aims to become a more efficient development of conventional HD. The method is based on the production of biocompatible ferromagnetic nanoparticles-targeted binding substances conjugates (BFNs-TBSs Cs) constructed of BFNs and specifically designed TBSs that should have high affinity and binding capacity for target toxic substances (TTSs) which must be removed from the ESRD patient subjected to HD. Antibodies or even specific proteins could serve as the TBS of the desired BFNs-TBSs Cs. The BFNs-TBSs Cs should be administered to the patient timely prior to the MAHD session so as to bind with the desired TTSs during their free circulation in the vascular network. Eventually, the complete BFNs-TBSs-TTSs structure can be selectively removed during the MAHD session by means of an external inhomogeneous magnetic field that is applied either at the dialyzer or at other collection point(s) along the blood circulation line of the dialysis machine. The advantages of MAHD over conventional HD regarding the patient's comfort and overall health status are discussed in detail among practical issues. To examine this proposition we employed Fe3O4 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the BFN and the TBS constituents respectively, since they are both highly biocompatible. By means of x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, UV-vis spectrophotometry, SQUID magnetometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance we evaluated (i) the structural/morphological characteristics, (ii) the magnetic retraction efficiency, and most importantly (iii) the toxin binding affinity and capacity of both bare Fe3O4 BFNs and Fe3O4-BSA Cs by performing in vitro experiments on specific TTSs. Homocysteine and p-cresol were chosen as representative TTSs and were investigated in great detail. The results obtained prove the in vitro applicability of the proposed MAHD method.
机译：在这项工作中介绍了在血液透析（HD）中对生物相容性铁磁性纳米颗粒（BFN）的体外利用，而血液透析（HD）如今已广泛使用。所提出的策略被称为磁辅助血液透析（MAHD），它旨在成为常规HD的更有效开发。该方法基于由BFN和特别设计的TBS构成的生物相容性铁磁纳米粒子靶向结合物质结合物（BFNs-TBSs Cs）的生产，该结合物应与目标有毒物质（TTS）具有高亲和力和结合能力，必须从中除去ESRD患者接受高清检查。抗体甚至特定的蛋白质都可以用作所需BFNs-TBSs Cs的TBS。 BFNs-TBSs Cs应该在MAHD会议之前及时给予患者，以使其在血管网络中自由循环期间与所需的TTS结合。最终，完整的BFNs-TBSs-TTSs结构可以在MAHD期间通过外部非均匀磁场有选择地去除，该磁场在透析仪或沿透析机血液循环线的其他采集点处施加。在实际问题中，详细讨论了MAHD与常规HD相比在患者舒适度和总体健康状况方面的优势。为了检验这一命题，我们分别使用Fe3O4和牛血清白蛋白（BSA）作为BFN和TBS成分，因为它们都具有高度的生物相容性。通过X射线衍射，原子力显微镜，圆二色性光谱极化法，紫外可见分光光度法，SQUID磁法和核磁共振，我们评估了（i）结构/形态特征，（ii）磁回退效率，最重要的是（iii）通过对特定TTS进行体外实验，裸露的Fe3O4 BFN和Fe3O4-BSA C的毒素结合亲和力和容量。选择同型半胱氨酸和对甲酚作为代表性的TTS，并进行了详细的研究。获得的结果证明了所提出的MAHD方法的体外适用性。

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