Cluster impact of single-crystal Cu induces entirely different results under different impinging velocities. We simulate the impact events by the classic molecular dynamics (MD) method. The inter-atomic interaction of Cu is modelled by both the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential and the embedded atom method (EAM). When the cluster is impinged at a velocity of 10 km s~(-1), a supersonic shock wave is found to propagate through the crystal, followed by stacking faults spreading into the grain. A noticeable crater is created after the impact. Under a much lower impact velocity, the plastic deformation could be recovered and the impacted surface is smoothed gradually. The cluster can not be fully planted into the substrate when the impact velocity is reduced to 2 km s~(-1).
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机译：在不同的撞击速度下，单晶铜的团簇冲击会导致完全不同的结果。我们通过经典的分子动力学（MD）方法模拟撞击事件。 Cu的原子间相互作用通过Lennard-Jones（LJ）势和嵌入原子法（EAM）进行建模。当团簇以10 km s〜（-1）的速度撞击时，会发现超音速冲击波通过晶体传播，随后堆积的断层扩展到晶粒中。撞击后会产生明显的火山口。在低得多的冲击速度下，可以恢复塑性变形，并且使受冲击的表面逐渐变平滑。当冲击速度降低到2 km s〜（-1）时，簇不能完全植入基质中。
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