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首页> 外文期刊>Neurochemistry International: The International Journal for the Rapid Publication of Critical Reviews, Preliminary and Original Research Communications in Neurochemistry >Glutamate, a neurotransmitter--and so much more. A synopsis of Wierzba III.
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Glutamate, a neurotransmitter--and so much more. A synopsis of Wierzba III.

机译：谷氨酸，一种神经递质-还有更多。 Wierzba III的摘要。

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摘要

It appears almost incredible that the first indications that glutamate excites brain tissue were obtained during the second half of the 20th century, that vesicles containing glutamate were demonstrated in glutamatergic neurons less than 25 years ago, and that glutamate was not accepted as the major excitatory transmitter until about the same time. During this span of time it has also become realized that glutamate is so much more than a conventional neurotransmitter: (1) astrocytes express vesicles accumulating glutamate by vesicular transporters akin to the vesicular glutamate transporters in glutamatergic neurons, and they release glutamate by exocytosis; (2) a series of metabolic processes in astrocytes (glutamate uptake, glutamine synthetase activity, glutamine release) are involved in neuronal reutilization of transmitter glutamate; (3) glutamine may also be utilized for synthesis of GABA, the major inhibitory transmitter; (4) de novo synthesis of glutamate accounts for 20% of cerebral glucose metabolism, all of which initially occurs in astrocytes, and at steady state a corresponding amount of glutamate is oxidatively degraded, mainly or exclusively in astrocytes; (5) tissue contents of glutamate/glutamine increase during enhanced glutamatergic activity, i.e., astrocytic de novo synthesis exceeds astrocytic metabolic degradation of glutamate.
机译：几乎令人难以置信的是，最早的迹象表明谷氨酸能在20世纪后半叶获得大脑组织的刺激，含谷氨酸的囊泡在不到25年前就已在谷氨酸能神经元中得到证实，并且谷氨酸未被接受为主要的兴奋性递质直到大约同一时间。在这段时间里，人们已经认识到谷氨酸比普通的神经递质要多得多。 （2）星形胶质细胞的一系列代谢过程（谷氨酸吸收，谷氨酰胺合成酶活性，谷氨酰胺释放）与递质谷氨酸的神经元再利用有关。 （3）谷氨酰胺也可用于合成主要的抑制递质GABA; （4）谷氨酸的从头合成占脑葡萄糖代谢的20％，所有这些最初都发生在星形胶质细胞中，并且在稳态下，相应量的谷氨酸被氧化降解，主要或仅在星形胶质细胞中被氧化。 （5）在增强的谷氨酸能活性期间谷氨酸/谷氨酰胺的组织含量增加，即，星形细胞的从头合成超过谷氨酸的星形细胞代谢降解。

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