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首页> 外文期刊>Neurochemistry International: The International Journal for the Rapid Publication of Critical Reviews, Preliminary and Original Research Communications in Neurochemistry >Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease (recent update)
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Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease (recent update)

机译：帕金森氏病的生物标志物（最新更新）

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder mostly affecting the aging population over sixty. Cardinal symptoms including, tremors, muscle rigidity, drooping posture, drooling, walking difficulty, and autonomic symptoms appear when a significant number of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons are already destroyed. Hence we need early, sensitive, specific, and economical peripheral and/or central biomarker(s) for the differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of PD. These can be classified as clinical, biochemical, genetic, proteomic, and neuroimaging biomarkers. Novel discoveries of genetic as well as nongenetic biomarkers may be utilized for the personalized treatment of PD during preclinical (premotor) and clinical (motor) stages. Premotor biomarkers including hyper-echogenicity of substantia nigra, olfactory and autonomic dysfunction, depression, hyposmia, deafness, REM sleep disorder, and impulsive behavior may be noticed during preclinical stage. Neuroimaging biomarkers (PET, SPECT, MRI), and neuropsychological deficits can facilitate differential diagnosis. Single-cell profiling of dopaminergic neurons has identified pyridoxal kinase and lysosomal ATPase as biomarker genes for PD prognosis. Promising biomarkers include: fluid biomarkers, neuromelanin antibodies, pathological forms of α-Syn, DJ-1, amyloid b and tau in the CSF, patterns of gene expression, metabolomics, urate, as well as protein profiling in the blood and CSF samples. Reduced brain regional N-acetyl-aspartate is a biomarker for the in vivo assessment of neuronal loss using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and T2 relaxation time with MRI. To confirm PD diagnosis, the PET biomarkers include [18F]-DOPA for estimating dopaminergic neurotransmission, [18F]dG for mitochondrial bioenergetics, [18F]BMS for mitochondrial complex-1, [11C](R)-PK11195 for microglial activation, SPECT imaging with 123Iflupane and bCIT for dopamine transporter, and urinary salsolinol and 8-hydroxy, 2-deoxyguanosine for neuronal loss. This brief review describes the merits and limitations of recently discovered biomarkers and proposes coenzyme Q10, mitochondrial ubiquinone-NADH oxidoreductase, melatonin, α-synculein index, Charnoly body, and metallothioneins as novel biomarkers to confirm PD diagnosis for early and effective treatment of PD.
机译：帕金森氏病（PD）是第二大最常见的神经退行性疾病，主要影响60岁以上的人口老龄化。当许多黑质纹状体多巴胺能神经元已经被破坏时，就会出现主要症状，包括震颤，肌肉僵硬，下垂姿势，流口水，行走困难和自主神经症状。因此，我们需要早期，敏感，特异且经济的外周和/或中心生物标志物，以进行PD的鉴别诊断，预后和治疗。这些可以分类为临床，生化，遗传，蛋白质组和神经成像生物标志物。遗传和非遗传生物标志物的新发现可用于临床前（运动前）和临床（运动）阶段的PD个性化治疗。在临床前阶段可能会注意到运动前生物标志物，包括黑质的高回声性，嗅觉和自主神经功能障碍，抑郁症，低渗，耳聋，REM睡眠障碍和冲动行为。神经影像生物标志物（PET，SPECT，MRI）和神经心理学缺陷可促进鉴别诊断。多巴胺能神经元的单细胞分析已确定吡ido醛激酶和溶酶体ATPase是PD预后的生物标记基因。有希望的生物标志物包括：液体生物标志物，神经黑色素抗体，脑脊液中α-Syn，DJ-1，淀粉样蛋白b和tau的病理形式，基因表达模式，代谢组学，尿酸盐以及血液和脑脊液样品中的蛋白质谱。减少的脑区域N-乙酰天门冬氨酸是使用磁共振波谱和MRI的T2弛豫时间在体内评估神经元丢失的生物标志物。为证实PD诊断，PET生物标志物包括用于估计多巴胺能神经传递的[18F] -DOPA，用于线粒体生物能学的[18F] dG，用于线粒体复合物1的[18F] BMS，用于小胶质细胞活化的[11C]（R）-PK11195，SPECT多巴胺转运蛋白用123Iflupane和bCIT成像，而神经元丢失则用尿中的salsolinol和8-羟基，2-deoxyguanosine进行成像。这篇简短的综述描述了最近发现的生物标志物的优缺点，并提出了辅酶Q10，线粒体泛醌-NADH氧化还原酶，褪黑素，α-神经胶蛋白指数，Charnoly体和金属硫蛋白作为新型生物标志物，以证实PD诊断可早期有效地治疗PD。

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