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Cyclones causing wind storms in the Mediterranean: Characteristics, trends and links to large-scale patterns

机译：造成地中海风暴的气旋：特征，趋势和与大尺度模式的联系

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摘要

A climatology of cyclones with a focus on their relation to wind storm tracks in the Mediterranean region (MR) is presented. Trends in the frequency of cyclones and wind storms, as well as variations associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the East Atlantic/West Russian (EAWR) and the Scandinavian variability pattern (SCAND) are discussed. The study is based on the ERA40 reanalysis dataset. Wind storm tracks are identified by tracking clusters of adjacent grid boxes characterised by extremely high local wind speeds. The wind track is assigned to a cyclone track independently identified with an objective scheme. Areas with high wind activity - quantified by extreme wind tracks - are typically located south of the Golf of Genoa, south of Cyprus, southeast of Sicily and west of the Iberian Peninsula. About 69% of the wind storms are caused by cyclones located in the Mediterranean region, while the remaining 31% can be attributed to North Atlantic or Northern European cyclones. The North Atlantic Oscillation, the East Atlantic/West Russian pattern and the Scandinavian pattern all influence the amount and spatial distribution of wind inducing cyclones and wind events in the MR. The strongest signals exist for the NAO and the EAWR pattern, which are both associated with an increase in the number of organised strong wind events in the eastern MR during their positive phase. On the other hand, the storm numbers decrease over the western MR for the positive phase of the NAO and over the central MR during the positive phase of the EAWR pattern. The positive phase of the Scandinavian pattern is associated with a decrease in the number of winter wind storms over most of the MR. A third of the trends in the number of wind storms and wind producing cyclones during the winter season of the ERA40 period may be attributed to the variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation.
机译：介绍了一种气旋的气候学，重点在于它们与地中海地区（MR）的风暴路径的关系。讨论了气旋和风暴的频率趋势，以及与北大西洋涛动（NAO），东大西洋/西俄罗斯风（EAWR）和斯堪的纳维亚变异性模式（SCAND）相关的变化。该研究基于ERA40再分析数据集。通过跟踪以极高的局部风速为特征的相邻网格框的群集来识别风暴轨迹。将风道分配给用客观方案独立标识的旋风道。风速高的地区-由极端风道量化-通常位于热那亚高尔夫南部，塞浦路斯南部，西西里岛东南部和伊比利亚半岛西部。大约69％的风暴是由位于地中海地区的旋风引起的，而其余31％的风暴可归因于北大西洋或北欧的旋风。北大西洋涛动，东大西洋/西俄罗斯模式和斯堪的纳维亚模式都影响着MR中的风致旋风和风事件的数量和空间分布。对于NAO和EAWR模式而言，存在最强的信号，这两者都与东部MR正相期间组织的强风事件数量增加有关。另一方面，在ＮＡＯＯ正期，西部MR和ＥＡＷＲ模式正期中部ＭＲ的风暴数减少。斯堪的纳维亚模式的积极阶段与大多数MR冬季暴风雪数量的减少有关。 ERA40冬季期间，风暴和风力产生旋风数量趋势的三分之一可能归因于北大西洋涛动的变化。

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