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Computational snow avalanche simulation in forested terrain

机译：森林地形中的计算雪崩模拟

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Two-dimensional avalanche simulation software operating in three-dimensional terrain is widely used for hazard zoning and engineering to predict runout distances and impact pressures of snow avalanche events. Mountain forests are an effective biological protection measure against avalanches; however, the protective capacity of forests to decelerate or even to stop avalanches that start within forested areas or directly above the treeline is seldom considered in this context. In particular, runout distances of smallto medium-scale avalanches are strongly influenced by the structural conditions of forests in the avalanche path. We present an evaluation and operationalization of a novel detrainment function implemented in the avalanche simulation software RAMMS for avalanche simulation in forested terrain. The new approach accounts for the effect of forests in the avalanche path by detraining mass, which leads to a deceleration and runout shortening of avalanches. The relationship is parameterized by the detrainment coefficient K [kgm~(-1) s~(-2)] accounting for differing forest characteristics. We varied K when simulating 40 well-documented smallto medium-scale avalanches, which were released in and ran through forests of the Swiss Alps. Analyzing and comparing observed and simulated runout distances statistically revealed values for K suitable to simulate the combined influence of four forest characteristics on avalanche runout:forest type, crown closure, vertical structure and surface cover, for example, values for K were higher for dense spruce and mixed spruce-beech forests compared to open larch forests at the upper treeline. Considering forest structural conditions within avalanche simulations will improve current applications for avalanche simulation tools in mountain forest and natural hazard management.
机译：在三维地形中运行的二维雪崩模拟软件已广泛用于危险性分区和工程设计，以预测雪崩事件的跳动距离和冲击压力。山区森林是防止雪崩的有效生物保护措施;但是，在这种情况下，很少考虑到森林减速或阻止从森林区域内或林线正上方开始的雪崩的保护能力。特别是，小到中型雪崩的跳动距离受雪崩路径中森林的结构条件强烈影响。我们介绍了在雪崩模拟软件RAMMS中为森林地形中的雪崩模拟所实现的新型减除函数的评估和可操作性。新方法通过降低质量来解决雪崩路径中森林的影响，这导致雪崩的减速和跳动缩短。该关系通过考虑不同森林特征的减量系数K [kgm〜（-1）s〜（-2）]进行参数化。模拟40个有据可查的中小型雪崩时，我们改变了K，这些雪崩被释放并在瑞士阿尔卑斯山的森林中奔跑。分析和比较观察到的和模拟的跳动距离，可以统计地发现适合模拟四种森林特征对雪崩跳动的综合影响的K值：森林类型，树冠闭合，垂直结构和表面覆盖，例如，密云杉的K值较高与上层林线的开阔落叶松林相比，云杉-山毛榉混交林。在雪崩模拟中考虑森林结构条件将改善当前雪崩模拟工具在山区森林和自然灾害管理中的应用。

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