Accumulating evidence from nonhuman primates suggests that midbrain dopamine cells code reward prediction errors and that this signal subserves reward learning in dopamine-receiving brain structures. In this issue of Neuron, McClure et al. and O'Doherty et al. use event-related fMRI to provide some of the strongest evidence to date that the reward prediction error model of dopamine system activity applies equally well to human reward learning.
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