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首页> 外文期刊>Neurosurgery >The anatomic location of the soul from the heart, through the brain, to the whole body, and beyond: a journey through Western history, science, and philosophy.
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The anatomic location of the soul from the heart, through the brain, to the whole body, and beyond: a journey through Western history, science, and philosophy.

机译：从心脏到大脑，再到整个身体，乃至灵魂的解剖位置：穿越西方历史，科学和哲学的旅程。

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OBJECTIVE: To describe representative Western philosophical, theological, and scientific ideas regarding the nature and location of the soul from the Egyptians to the contemporary period; and to determine the principal themes that have structured the history of the development of the concept of the soul and the implications of the concept of the soul for medical theory and practice. METHODS: We surveyed the ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman periods, the early, Medieval, and late Christian eras, as well as the Renaissance, Enlightenment, and Modern periods to determine the most salient ideas regarding the nature and location of the soul. RESULTS: In the history of Western theological, philosophical, and scientific/medical thought, there exist 2 dominant and, in many respects, incompatible concepts of the soul: one that understands the soul to be spiritual and immortal, and another that understands the soul to be material and mortal. In both cases, the soul has been described as being located in a specific organ or anatomic structure or as pan-corporeal, pervading the entire body, and, in some instances, trans-human and even pan-cosmological. Moreover, efforts to discern the nature and location of the soul have, throughout Western history, stimulated physiological exploration as well as theoretical understanding of human anatomy. The search for the soul has, in other words, led to a deepening of our scientific knowledge regarding the physiological and, in particular, cardiovascular and neurological nature of human beings. In addition, in virtually every period, the concept of the soul has shaped how societies thought about, evaluated, and understood the moral legitimacy of scientific and medical procedures: from performing abortions and autopsies to engaging in stem cell research and genetic engineering. CONCLUSION: Our work enriches our shared understanding of the soul by describing some of the key formulations regarding the nature and location of the soul by philosophers, theologians, and physicians. In doing so, we are better able to appreciate the significant role that the concept of the soul has played in the development of Western scientific, medical, and spiritual life. Although ideas about the soul have changed significantly throughout Western history, the idea of the soul as being real and essential to one's personhood has been, and remains, pervasive throughout every period of Western history.
机译：目的：描述有关从埃及人到当代的灵魂的性质和位置的西方代表性哲学，神学和科学观念;并确定构成灵魂概念发展历史以及灵魂概念对医学理论和实践的涵义的主要主题。方法：我们调查了古埃及，希腊和罗马时期，早期，中世纪和晚期基督教时代，以及文艺复兴时期，启蒙运动和现代时期，以确定关于灵魂的性质和位置的最重要的思想。结果：在西方神学，哲学和科学/医学思想的历史上，存在两种主要的，在许多方面互不兼容的灵魂概念：一个将灵魂理解为属灵和不朽的灵魂，另一个理解灵魂是物质的和致命的。在这两种情况下，灵魂都被描述为位于特定的器官或解剖结构中，或者泛全身，遍布整个身体，在某些情况下，甚至是跨人类甚至泛宇宙学的。此外，在整个西方历史中，辨别灵魂的性质和位置的努力刺激了生理探索以及对人体解剖学的理论理解。换句话说，对灵魂的探索导致了我们对人类生理尤其是心血管和神经系统本质的科学知识的加深。此外，在几乎每个阶段，灵魂的概念都改变了社会如何思考，评估和理解科学和医学程序的道德合法性：从堕胎和尸体解剖到干细胞研究和基因工程。结论：我们的工作通过描述哲学家，神学家和医生关于灵魂的性质和位置的一些关键表述，丰富了我们对灵魂的共同理解。这样一来，我们就能更好地理解灵魂概念在西方科学，医学和精神生活发展中所起的重要作用。尽管关于灵魂的观念在整个西方历史中已经发生了很大的变化，但在西方历史的每个时期中，对于人类的真实性和实质性而言，灵魂的观念已经并且仍然普遍存在。

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