World war II, tantalum, and the evolution of modern cranioplasty technique

FlaniganP.; KshettryV.R.; BenzelE.C.

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World war II, tantalum, and the evolution of modern cranioplasty technique

机译：第二次世界大战，钽与现代颅骨成形术技术的发展

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Cranioplasty is a unique procedure with a rich history. Since ancient times, a diverse array of materials from coconut shells to gold plates has been used for the repair of cranial defects. More recently, World War II greatly increased the demand for cranioplasty procedures and renewed interest in the search for a suitable synthetic material for cranioprostheses. Experimental evidence revealed that tantalum was biologically inert to acid and oxidative stresses. In fact, the observation that tantalum did not absorb acid resulted in the metal being named after Tantalus, the Greek mythological figure who was condemned to a pool of water in the Underworld that would recede when he tried to take a drink. In clinical use, malleability facilitated a single-stage cosmetic repair of cranial defects. Tantalum became the preferred cranioplasty material for more than 1000 procedures performed during World War II. In fact, its use was rapidly adopted in the civilian population. During World War II and the heyday of tantalum cranioplasty, there was a rapid evolution in prosthesis implantation and fixation techniques significantly shaping how cranioplasties are performed today. Several years after the war, acrylic emerged as the cranioplasty material of choice. It had several clear advantages over its metallic counterparts. Titanium, which was less radiopaque and had a more optimal thermal conductivity profile (less thermally conductive), eventually supplanted tantalum as the most common metallic cranioplasty material. While tantalum cranioplasty was popular for only a decade, it represented a significant breakthrough in synthetic cranioplasty. The experiences of wartime neurosurgeons with tantalum cranioplasty played a pivotal role in the evolution of modern cranioplasty techniques and ultimately led to a heightened understanding of the necessary attributes of an ideal synthetic cranioplasty material. Indeed, the history of tantalum cranioplasty serves as a model for innovative thinking and adaptive technology development.AANS, 2014.

机译：颅骨成形术是具有悠久历史的独特手术。自古以来，从椰子壳到金盘子的各种各样的材料已被用于修复颅骨缺损。最近，第二次世界大战极大地增加了颅骨成形术的需求，并重新引起了人们对寻找适合颅骨假体的合成材料的兴趣。实验证据表明，钽对酸和氧化应激具有生物学惰性。实际上，观察到钽不吸收酸，导致该金属以希腊神话人物坦塔卢斯（Tantalus）的名字命名，他被公认为是冥界中的一池水，当他尝试喝酒时，水就会退缩。在临床使用中，延展性促进了颅骨缺损的单阶段美容修复。在第二次世界大战期间，钽已成为超过1000例手术的首选颅骨成形材料。实际上，它的使用已在平民中迅速采用。在第二次世界大战和钽颅骨成形术的鼎盛时期，假体植入和固定技术迅速发展，极大地改变了当今颅骨成形术的方式。战争结束后的几年，丙烯酸成为了首选的颅骨成形材料。与金属同类产品相比，它具有几个明显的优势。钛的不透射线性较小，并且具有更好的导热性（导热性更差），最终取代了钽，成为最常见的金属颅骨成形材料。尽管钽颅骨成形术仅流行了十年，但它代表了人工颅骨成形术的重大突破。战时神经外科医师使用钽颅骨成形术的经验在现代颅骨成形术技术的发展中起着举足轻重的作用，并最终导致人们对理想的人工颅骨成形术材料的必要属性有了更深入的了解。的确，钽颅骨成形术的历史可作为创新思维和适应性技术发展的典范.AANS，2014年。

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《Neurosurgical focus》 |2014年第4期|共1页
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FlaniganP.; KshettryV.R.; BenzelE.C.;
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中图分类外科学;
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Cranial defect; Cranioplasty; History; Neurosurgery; Tantalum; World war II;

机译：颅骨缺损;颅骨成形术;历史;神经外科手术;钽;第二次世界大战;

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1. World war II, tantalum, and the evolution of modern cranioplasty technique [J] . FlaniganP., KshettryV.R., BenzelE.C. Neurosurgical focus . 2014,第4期

机译：第二次世界大战，钽与现代颅骨成形术技术的发展
2. World war II, tantalum, and the evolution of modern cranioplasty technique [J] . FlaniganP., KshettryV.R., BenzelE.C. Neurosurgical focus . 2014,第4期

机译：第二次世界大战，钽，以及现代颅骨成形术技术的演变
3. World War II, tantalum, and the evolution of modern cranioplasty technique [J] . Patrick Flanigan B.S., Varun R. Kshettry M.D., Edward C. Benzel M.D. Neurosurgical focus . 2014,第4期

机译：第二次世界大战，钽，以及现代蔓延术技术的演变
4. Inspective techniques for assessing the pollution threat of sunken world war II tankers [C] . IEEE International Conference on Engineering in the Ocean Environment . 1972

机译：评估沉没的二战油轮污染威胁的检查技术
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机译：伊斯兰与战争：现代战争的技术规范演变与圣战主义之间的差距。
6. Tantalum Cranioplasty for War Wounds of the Skull [O] . Barnes Woodhall, R. Glen Spurling 1945

机译：钽颅骨成形术治疗颅骨伤口
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World war II, tantalum, and the evolution of modern cranioplasty technique

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